Governance

Definition Of Governance; World Bank (1992) defines good governance as “the way power is exercised in managing a country’s economic and social resources.”
Recent governance initiatives

Good Governance Week 2025 was observed nationwide from 19–25 December 2025 under ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’.; Good Governance Index (GGI): Tracks State/UT performance across 10 sectors, including public health, human resource development, environment, and judicial & public security.; NeSDA: Assesses digital service delivery by States/UTs and Central Ministries, including e- services, mandatory services and unified…

2.2 Good Governance

Good Governance

Definition; Good Governance means participatory, transparent, accountable, efficient and inclusive administration that minimizes corruption, considers the voices of minorities and vulnerable groups, follows rule of law, and is responsive to present and future needs.; Formula: Good Governance = Efficiency + Inclusivity + Accountability + Transparency + Rule of Law; Good Governance Index (GGI) 2021: Latest official…
Good Governance

Major Schemes & Initiatives; Right to Information Act (2005); Digital Governance Platforms: PRAGATI, Digital India, Passport Seva Kendra, Online ITR filing.; Policy Motto: Minimum Government, Maximum Governance; Aspirational Districts Programme: Focuses on improving governance and development in underperforming districts
Civil Services Capacity Building Mission Karmayogi

National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB).; iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training Platform): Online platform offering training, peer learning, and self-paced courses for civil servants.; NSCSTI (National Standards for Civil Service Training Institutions): Developed to improve and standardize quality of training in government training institutions.

2.5 Corporate Governance

Definition OECD

Corporate governance involves the procedures and processes through which an organization is directed and controlled.; Weak business ethics are often responsible for corporate failures. Data & Facts (2025–26); Indian representation in Forbes Global 2000:; 70 Indian companies featured in the 2025 list, up from 62 in 2023–24—placing India among the top five countries globally.; Fffinancial sector dominance: over…
India fffirst to mandate csr expenditure under

CSR activities outlined in Schedule VII include: Environmental responsibility, Ethical responsibility, Philanthropic responsibility and Economic responsibility Governance Committees & Reforms; Kotak Committee (2017) – Board governance and disclosures; Birla Committee – Precursor to Cadbury reforms; Narayana Murthy Committee – Auditor and board reforms; Naresh Chandra Committee – Independent directors; Rahul Bajaj…

2.10 RTI

Right to Information Act (RTI)

Definition; RTI empowers Indian citizens to request information from central or state government departments.; Nodal agency: Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT).
Performance Challenges High Appeal Return Rate

About 42% of appeals are returned without hearing.; Penalty Imposition: Only 5% of cases result in penalties for delay or non-response.; Severe Delays: Some ICs may take up to 24 years to dispose of current caseloads.
Recent Measures And Reforms Digital Push

Efforts to mandate uploading of all RTI queries and replies online.; Move towards searchable RTI databases by states like Maharashtra.; Administrative Gaps:; Many commissions operate without a chief or with significant staff shortages.; Many commissions not adhering to transparency or performance norms.
Legal And Constitutional Framework Constitutional

Articles 19 and 21 form the basis of the Right to Information.; Judicial Origin: Emerged from 1986 Supreme Court judgment linking RTI with freedom of speech.; RTI Act, 2005: Mandates proactive disclosure and defines roles of Information Commissions.; 2nd ARC Reforms:; Shift from secrecy to transparency.; From despotism to accountability.; From unilateralism to citizen participation.

Facts & figures

Schemes And Policies

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018 onwards) integrates SSA, RMSA, and adult literacy into one unified mission.; Key girl child education schemes include: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, Balika Samriddhi Yojana,etc.; Digital learning initiatives: Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat, Swayam Prabha, Digital Library of India, ULLAS (National Literacy Mission Authority initiative),etc; National Education…

3.2 Overview Of Sectors Of Economy

Tertiary Sector (Includes

Services – Trade, Transport, Finance, Real Estate, Public Administration); Share in GVA (FY 2025–26): About 56.4%.; Growth Rate: FY 2025–26: +9.1% real GVA growth.; Employment Share: Approximately 30% of the workforce, with services participation showing an increase in PLFS 2025.

3.3 Taxation

Direct Taxation (Latest Trends) Net direct tax

₹22.26 lakh crore, growth over previous year: +13.57%.; Gross collection before refunds: ₹27.02 lakh crore.; Corporate tax: ₹9.86 lakh crore.; Non-corporate taxes, including individuals: ₹12.35 lakh crore. Tax-To-Gdp Ratio And Buoyancy; Direct tax-to-GDP ratio: 6.64% in FY 2023–24, a 24-year high.; Direct tax buoyancy: 2.12 in FY 2023–24.; Direct taxes accounted for 58.81% of total tax revenue in FY 2024–25.…

3.4 Banking Sector

Sector-wise NPA Trends

Sectoral stress persists in select legacy and priority segments, but headline SCB asset quality has improved sharply.; MSME GNPA ratio continued to decline through FY25 data reported up to December 2024.; SHG-bank linkage scale expanded to 143 lakh SHGs, with ₹3.04 lakh crore loan outstanding and ₹2.08 lakh crore disbursed in FY25.; Loan Write-Offs: ₹12.3 lakh crore written off during FY2014–15 to FY2023–24.…

Facts & figures

Constitutional

Article 38; Article 39; Article 43; Article 46. Provisions

3.8 Agriculture

Agriculture

Horticulture; Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables/; Produces both tropical and temperate fruits.; Produces about 13% of the world’s vegetables.
Agriculture

Seed; Fifth largest seed market across the globe; Certified Seeds availability : 40%; Schemes and Initiatives :; National Seeds Corporation (NSC) - 1963; High Yielding Variety (HYVs) Programme - 1966-67; National Seeds Policy - 2002; National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology, Seeds Village Programme - 2005, SATHI Portal; Seeds Act 1966, Essential Commodities Act - 1955
Soil Schemes and Initiatives

Soil Health Card, Rashtriya Krishi Vigyan Yojana; NABARD Loan, National Food Security Mission; National Horticulture Mission
Agriculture

Fertiliser; The second largest consumer of urea after China.; Second in the production of Nitrogenous Fertiliser.; Import dependence :; 25% of our requirement of Urea,; 90% in the case of Phosphates; 100% in the case of Potash.; Schemes and Initiatives :; Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samrudhi Kendra (PMKSK); Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Urvarak Pariyojana ✓ One Nation, One Fertiliser; Bharat brand,Nutrient Based Subsidy…

3.9 Subsidies

Data/Facts Indirect Subsidies

Major explicit Union subsidies remain concentrated in food, and fertiliser.; DBT and leakage: Earlier leakage-prone welfare delivery involved high transaction costs; DBT has drastically reduced leakages and generated ₹3.48 lakh crore in cumulative savings.; Farm subsidies of Centre and States combined: Centre’s food and fertiliser subsidies alone exceed ₹4.14 lakh crore in RE 2025–26.; Share of non-market distorting…

3.10 Allied Sectors

Horticulture and Fruits and Vegetables Production

India ranks second in the world after commercial crops China.; Edible-oil Imports: India depends on imports for about 56.25% of domestic edible-oil demand.; In 2024–25 marketing year: India imported about 16 million tonnes of edible oils, valued at around ₹1.61 lakh crore.; Coffee Production and Export: India ranks 7th in production and 5th in export.

3.11 Public Distribution System

Public Distribution System

Constitutional; Article 47 Provisions

3.13 Land Reforms

Government Schemes And Digital Initiatives

Uses drone-based technology for mapping and property card generation.; Aims to resolve title ambiguities and promote fffinancial inclusion.; NGDRS (National Generic Document Registration System):; Supports One-Nation One-Registration Software across 12+ states.; Enables e-registrations and transparent mutation.; ULPIN (Unique Land Parcel Identification Number):; 27 states have adopted ULPIN as an Aadhaar-like ID for…

3.14 Industry and Infrastructure

Legal And Regulatory Reforms Key labour and

Code on Wages (2019), Code on Occupational Safety, Health & Working Conditions (2020), Code on Industrial Relations (2020), Code on Social Security (2020); Other amendments include: Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020 Regional Trends And Disparities; Four states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu—account for 43% of India’s industrial GVA.; Industrial GVA from northeastern states (excluding Assam and Sikkim)…

4.1 Indian Biodiversity

Wetlands and Ramsar Sites Total Ramsar sites as

98; Total wetland area: approximately 13.84 lakh hectares (13,84,141 ha); Recently, added Ramsar sites: Patna Bird Sanctuary (Uttar Pradesh) and Chhari-Dhand (Gujarat) Biodiversity Governance and Legal Framework; Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 came into effect on 1 April 2024; Biological Diversity Rules, 2024 notified on 22 October 2024; National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (updated) submitted…
Constitutional provisions

Article 48A: Protection and improvement of the environment; Article 51A(g): Duty of citizens to protect and improve the natural environment; Institutional framework:; Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; National Biodiversity Authority; State Biodiversity Boards; Biodiversity Management Committees

4.3 Forest Conservation

Forest Conservation

Annual global net tree loss declined from 7.8 million ha (1990–2000) to 4.7 million ha (2010– 2020). Deforestation Impact; Deforestation contributes to about 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions.; A 1% increase in deforestation leads to a 0.93% decrease in clean drinking water availability. Policy & Targets; National green cover target: 33.3% of total geographical area.; India aims to sequester 2.5–3 billion…

4.5 Air Pollution

Legal And Constitutional Framework Article 21

Right to life includes the right to clean air.; Article 48A: Duty of the State to protect and improve the environment.; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 provides statutory powers for pollution regulation.

4.6 Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution

Land Degradation Overview; Approximately 30% of India’s land (~98 million hectares) is degraded.; Desertification affects over 83 million hectares.; Degraded land has increased steadily over the last two decades. Soil Nutrient Loss; 3.7 million hectares of land affected by depletion of soil organic matter.; Soil organic carbon has declined from ~1% to ~0.3% in agricultural lands over the past 70 years. Government…

5.1 Emerging Technologies

Emerging Technologies Industrial Revolution 4.0 (Ir

Integration of humans and cyber-physical systems powered by connectivity, automation, real-time data, machine learning, and big data.; Key Initiative: WEF’s Centre for Industrial Revolution (C4IR) India—promotes responsible deployment of emerging tech.; Indian Projects: Farmer Zone, SAMARTH (digital MSME upskilling), and pilots in digital-twin technology for manufacturing excellence. Web 3.0 & Web 4.0; Web 3.0…
Emerging Technologies

Business (smart assistants); Infrastructure (risk prediction); Judiciary (legal outcome forecasting); Initiatives: NITI Aayog’s National AI Strategy, SUVAS (Supreme Court Translation AI), India chairs GPAI.; Economic Impact: Estimated $1 trillion added by 2035; ~10% of $5 trillion GDP. Extended Reality (Vr/Ar/Xr) & Metaverse; Virtual/augmented/extensible realities spanning gaming, health, engineering, education…

5.2 Biotechnology

Sector-Wise Contribution Biopharma

~35% share (e.g., vaccines, diagnostics).; Bio-industrial (White Biotech): ~47% share (e.g., enzymes, biofuels).; Bio-agriculture: ~8% share (e.g., GM crops, biofertilizers).; Bioservices & IT: ~8% share, growing at ~30% annually.
Key Applications Health (Red Biotech)

Gene therapy (e.g., CAR-T), genome sequencing, vaccine production.; Agriculture (Green Biotech): Drought-resistant GM crops, pest-resistant Bt cotton, food quality improvement.; Industry (White Biotech): Enzymes used in detergents, cosmetics, food processing, biofuels.

5.3 Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology

Definition; Science and engineering at the atomic/molecular scale (1–100 nm).; Enables manipulation of ultra-small materials for advanced applications. Applications In Agriculture; Nanofertilizers for efficient nutrient delivery.; Nanobiosensors for soil and plant health monitoring.; Nano-herbicides/fungicides for targeted disease and weed control.; Insect pest management using nanoparticle formulations.; Drones…
Key Government Initiatives Nano Mission

Flagship programme to promote R&D and infrastructure.; Indian Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST): Research in health, agriculture, and energy.; Nanoelectronics Innovation Council: Policy and R&D support.; Indian Nanoelectronics Users Program (INUP): Collaboration with IITs and IISc.

5.4 Ipr Issues

Government Schemes And Initiatives KAPILA Scheme

Promotes IP literacy and innovation awareness in higher education institutions.; CIPAM (under DPIIT): Coordinates implementation of National IPR Policy; stakeholder engagement hub.; National IPR Policy (2016):; Integrates all IPRs under one platform.; Establishes monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.; Adopts international best practices suited to Indian needs.
India’s Global Commitments Paris Convention (1883)

Protects industrial property globally.; Berne Convention (1886): Ensures global protection of literary and artistic works.; Member of other international IPR forums and treaties promoting innovation and IP protection.

5.5 Space

Policy & Governance Indian Space Policy 2023

Defines ISRO, NSIL, IN-SPACe roles; Encourages private participation and PPP models; Emphasizes tech transfer and global competitiveness Key Agencies; IN-SPACe: Single-window clearance for private players; NSIL: Commercializes government-developed space tech; Antrix: ISRO’s commercial arm
International Collaboration & Regulation India is

Outer Space Treaty; Rescue Agreement (1968); Liability Convention (1972); Registration Convention (1975) Challenges; Space militarization and ASAT threats; Kessler Syndrome and space debris; Need for global governance mechanisms

5.7 Indians In Science

Satyendra Nath Bose Bose-Einstein Condensate

Bose’s work on the quantum mechanics of photons led to the concept of the Bose-Einstein Condensate and the development of Bose-Einstein statistics, which were later generalized by Einstein.; Bose-Einstein Statistics: His theoretical work on the behavior of particles laid the groundwork for modern quantum theory.

6 Disaster Management

6 Disaster Management

Initiatives; National Water Policy 2012; Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP); Jal Jeevan Mission; Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas (ISRO); NDMA Guidelines on drought management
6 Disaster Management

Mortality & Health; One day of extreme heat may cause around 3,400 excess deaths across Impact India.; A five-day heatwave could lead to nearly 30,000 excess deaths.; India accounts for over one-fifth of global heatwave deaths in the last 30 years.

49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

9. Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Pedagogical Practices; Focus on holistic, experiential, inquiry-driven, and competency-based learning—moving away from rote memorization.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS1 Society, Arts & Use to highlight government initiatives promoting reading, Culture, National writing, and book culture, and to encourage youth engagement Heritage with India’s cultural and literary heritage.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Impact and Achievements National Coverage; Implemented across 36 states/UTs, covering around 730 districts, including 112 Aspirational Districts.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Schemes Related With Vulnerable Sections Of The Population
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Scheduled Castes
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

The Integrated Programme for; Provides grants to Implementing Agencies (IAs) like Senior Citizens (IPSrC) registered societies, PRIs, local bodies, and NGOs for running and maintaining Senior Citizens Homes, Continuous Care Homes, and Mobile Medicare Units.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana; It is a comprehensive initiative to empower senior citizens, (AVYAY) recognizing their contributions and promoting their well- being and social inclusion in all aspects of life.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Disabled People
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Assistance to Disabled Persons for; To assist needy persons with disabilities in acquiring Purchase/ itting of Aids & modern, durable aids and appliances that enhance their Appliances.(ADIP) physical, social, and psychological rehabilitation.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Deen Dayal Disabled; The government has been providing grant-in-aid to NGOs Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS) for projects relating to rehabilitation of persons with disabilities aimed at enabling them to reach and maintain their optimal, physical, sensory, intellectual, physic- social functional levels.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Impact and Achievements Enhanced Governance

Strengthens civil servant capabilities for effective governance.; Personalized Learning: Tailored training programs meet specific departmental needs.; Wide Reach: Over 28 lakh users onboarded to the iGOT platform, offering 830 e-learning courses.; Comprehensive Training: Blended learning programs ensure equitable access to training at all levels.; Strategic Oversight: Institutional frameworks ensure accountability…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Civil Service Use to highlight government initiatives aimed at Reforms, Public Service transforming the mindset of central government Delivery employees, fostering accountability, service orientation, and effective public service delivery.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

20. National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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National Knowledge Network (NKN)

A grid connecting 70 supercomputers across 75 research institutions.; Purpose: To provide computational resources for over 1,000 researchers across the country.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Ethical Considerations and Challenges; Transparent and accountable AI systems; Guidelines for ethical AI use; Addressing risks like job displacement, privacy infringement, and social inequalities
Global Collaboration and Standards Objective

Align regulatory standards with global norms; Focus: Ensure AI technologies are globally competitive and compliant with international human rights standards
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

PM-PRANAM; PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother Earth.; Announced: In the 2023-24 Budget by the Union government.; Aim: Reduce chemical fertiliser use by incentivizing states to adopt alternatives.; Objective:; Promote balanced use of chemical, bio, and organic fertilisers.; Lower the subsidy burden on chemical fertilisers (₹2.25 lakh crore in 2022-23).
National Clean Air Objective

Improve air quality in 131 cities across 24 Programme States/UTs.; Target: Achieve up to 40% reduction in PM10 levels or meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards by 2025-26.; Implementation:
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

82 cities under NCAP aim for 3-15% annual reduction in PM10 levels.; 49 cities under XVth Finance Commission air quality grant target a 15% annual reduction in PM10 levels and more good air quality days.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Welfare Schemes, Access to institutional credit for underserved Governance, Fffinancial entrepreneurs and MSMEs Inclusion
Background Launch

April 8, 2015; Objective: Facilitate collateral-free microcredit up to ₹10 lakh for non-corporate, non-farm small and micro-entrepreneurs.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Objectives; Provide affordable ffinancial products and services.; Leverage technology to reduce costs and expand reach.; Serve unserved and underserved sections.
Salient Features Loan Categories

Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000; Kishore: Loans above ₹50,000 and up to ₹5 lakh; Tarun: Loans above ₹5 lakh and up to ₹10 lakh
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Category-wise Loan Distribution Shishu

83% of loans, 40% of amount sanctioned.; Kishore: 15% of loans, 36% of amount sanctioned.; Tarun: 2% of loans, 24% of amount sanctioned.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

25. Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

26. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
Overview Launch Date

2020; Department: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying; Duration: 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25); Coverage: All States and Union Territories
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Progress and Impact State Participation

30 States and UTs have signed MoUs; Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu joined in 2018.; Pilot Launches: Conducted in 22 States/UTs, involving over 1,280 hospitals to test IT systems.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

30. Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 (EMPS 2024)
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric

FAME-I: Launched on April 1, 2015, and concluded on March 31, 2019, to promote electric and hybrid vehicles in India.; FAME-II: Initiated on April 1, 2019, and set to run until March 31, 2024, with an allocation of ₹11,500 crore.; Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 (EMPS 2024): Introduced to further accelerate electric vehicle adoption.
Salient Features

Implementation Period: 1st April 2024 to 31st July 2024.; Total Outlay: Rs. 500 crore.; Focus Areas: Faster adoption of electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three-wheelers (e-3W).; Eligible EV Categories:; Electric Two-Wheelers (e-2W).; Electric Three-Wheelers (e-3W) including registered e-rickshaws, e-carts, and L5 category vehicles.; Applicability: Primarily for commercial registration, but also includes privately or…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

31. National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Urban For discussing urban poverty alleviation, livelihood Development, Poverty creation, and social protection for vulnerable groups Alleviation
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Promoting Inclusive Entrepreneurship
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

33. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Welfare Use to discuss affordable housing for vulnerable groups, Schemes, Urban & Rural slum rehabilitation, and government-led housing Development initiatives
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Overview Launched in phases, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to provide permanent housing solutions for economically disadvantaged populations across India. The scheme seeks to improve the living conditions of poor individuals, whether in rural or urban areas.; PMAY Urban (PMAY-U) was launched on June 25, 2015.; PMAY Gramin (PMAY-G) was launched in 2016 to address rural housing needs.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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PMAY Gramin (PMAY-G)

Target: Construct 2.95 crore houses in rural areas.; 2.94 crore houses sanctioned, with 2.62 crore houses completed.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

34. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Objectives of Jal Jeevan Mission Universal Tap

Ensure every rural household in India has regular access to safe, potable tap water, meeting quality standards for long-term sustainability.; Community Ownership: Promote community involvement in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of water supply systems, emphasizing local governance.

Facts & figures

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Cluster Development Programme The Cluster

Cluster Development Programme The Cluster Development Programme (CDP), introduced by the National Horticulture Board, aims to improve the competitiveness of India's horticultural sector through integrated development of clusters. MoA&FW has identi ied 55 horticulture clusters, of which 12 have been selected for the pilot launch of the Programme.
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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 45
River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme

35. River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme
GS2 Governance, Water Resource Use to highlight

GS2 Governance, Water Resource Use to highlight government efforts in integrated river Management, Policy basin planning, sustainable water use, and institutional Implementation coordination through Brahmaputra Board, CWC, and NWDA.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 46
The River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme promotes

The River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme promotes basin-level planning for sustainable water resource management and will continue to run from 2026–27 to 2030–31 with a ₹2183 crore fully government-funded outlay.
About River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme It is a

About River Basin Management (RBM) Scheme It is a comprehensive scheme for the management, protection, improvement, and sustainable use of water resources across river basins.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

36. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 47
PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana Context

The Union Cabinet approved the “Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana” for a period of six years, beginning with 2025–26, to cover 100 districts.
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The scheme draws inspiration from NITI Aayog’s

The scheme will be implemented through the convergence of 36 existing schemes across 11 Central Departments.
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Target Bene iciaries Artisans and Craftspeople

Across 18 traditional trades, including Carpenter, Boat Maker, Armourer, Blacksmith, Locksmith, Goldsmith, Potter, Sculptor, Cobbler, Mason, and many others.
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Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ABRY)

39. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ABRY)
Overview Purpose

Boost the creation of new jobs in the formal sector post-COVID-19 by providing incentives to employers.; Type: Central Sector Scheme; Implementing Agency: Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
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Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan

The Government of India has approved the continuation of the PM-AASHA Scheme till 2025- 26 during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle.
Key Components of PM-AASHA

Key Components of PM-AASHA:
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Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM) Scheme

41. Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM) Scheme
GS2 Governance, Social Use to highlight government

GS2 Governance, Social Use to highlight government efforts in providing ffinancial Security, Welfare Schemes security for unorganised sector workers in old age
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GS2 Governance, Social Use to highlight government

GS2 Governance, Social Use to highlight government efforts in providing old-age Security, Welfare income security and promoting voluntary retirement Schemes savings for unorganised sector workers.
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Micro and Small Enterprises

Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP)
GS2 Governance, Economic Use to show the role of

GS2 Governance, Economic Use to show the role of government schemes in Development, Welfare Schemes improving the competitiveness and productivity of MSMEs
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PM VIKAS Scheme

44. PM VIKAS Scheme
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PM-KUSUM

45. PM-KUSUM
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Overview

It was approved in October 2017 with Phase-I target to develop 34,800 km of National Highway corridors; As of December 2023, 76% of the total target, equivalent to 26,418 km, has been awarded for construction, with 15,549 km of the project already completed.
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Completed Projects Major Ongoing Projects
Eastern Peripheral Expressway

Completed in 500 days,; Delhi-Mumbai Expressway diverting 50,000 trucks from Delhi daily.; Zojila Tunnel; Delhi-Meerut Expressway: Reduced travel time from 2.5; Kosi Bridge (Bihar) hours to 50 minutes (82 km long).; MG Setu (Bihar); Narmada Bridge Project: Eases congestion on the Delhi-; Vikramshila Bridge (NH- Mumbai Golden Quadrilateral Corridor. 131B); Chenani-Nashri Tunnel: Shortened the Jammu-Srinagar route…
Other Projects

Chambal Bridge; New Brahmaputra Bridge; Dibang-Lohit River Bridge; Babatpur- Varanasi Project
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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 61
Increased Demand

The demand for work increased post-pandemic, with 8.55 crore households seeking work in 2020-21, compared to 6.16 crore in 2019-20.; Decentralized Planning: Gram Sabhas are responsible for recommending and executing 50% of the works, ensuring community involvement and local accountability.
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes (across

49. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes (across 14 key sectors)
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 62
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 63
Synchronisation

Aligns activities across departments to avoid delays.; Analytical: Utilizes spatial tools to make informed decisions.; Dynamic: Continuous progress tracking with updated satellite imagery.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 64
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

52. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 65
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 66
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 67
Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme

55. Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 68
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 69
IMPORTANT COMMITTEES AND THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS

1.1 Tribes In India

Tribes In India

U.N. Dhebar Committee, 1960 [Related to Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes]
Tribes In India

Focus Areas Recommendations
Tribes In India

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 1
Tribes In India

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 2

1.2 India as a Multilingual Society

India as a Multilingual Society

B. G. Kher Committee, 1955 [Fffirst Of icial Language Commission]
India as a Multilingual Society

Focus Areas Recommendations

1.3 Women

Women

Jaya Jaitley Committee, 2020 [On Women related issues]
Women

Focus Areas Recommendations
Women

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 3
Women

Justice Verma Committee, 2012 [On Sexual Harassment of Women in Workplace]
Women

Focus Recommendations Areas
Women

Pam Rajput Committee, 2014 [To end violence against Women]
Women

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 4

1.4 Poverty and Development Issues

Poverty and Development Issues

Lakdawala Committee,1993 [On Poverty-related Issues]
Poverty and Development Issues

Focus Areas Recommendations
Poverty and Development Issues

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 5
Poverty and Development Issues

Tendulkar Committee, 2009 [On Poverty Line]

446.68 in rural, Rs 578.80 in urban (2004-05).

in rural, Rs 578.80 in urban (2004-05).

The Rangarajan Committee, 2012 [Rede ining Poverty Line]
in rural, Rs 578.80 in urban (2004-05).

Focus Areas Recommendations
in rural, Rs 578.80 in urban (2004-05).

Poverty 19% more poor in rural areas, 41% more in urban areas compared to Tendulkar Estimates Committee estimates.
in rural, Rs 578.80 in urban (2004-05).

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 6

1.6 Secularism

Secularism

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 7
PYQ where these recommendations can be quoted

Q. Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. (2022, GS-I)

2.1 Politics and Electoral Reforms

Politics and Electoral Reforms

Vohra Committee, 1993 [On Criminalisation of Politics]
Politics and Electoral Reforms

Focus Areas Recommendations
Politics and Electoral Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 10
Politics and Electoral Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 11
Politics and Electoral Reforms

High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous Elections [Chaired by Former President Mr Ram Nath Kovind]
PYQ where these recommendations can be quoted

Q. Examine the need for electoreal reforms as suggested by various commities with particular reference ‘‘one nation–one election’’ principle. (2024, GS-II)

2.5 Corporate Governance

Corporate Governance

Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee,1999
Corporate Governance

Narayan Murthy Committee
Corporate Governance

Uday Kotak Committee, 2017 [On Corporate Governance]
Corporate Governance

Focus Areas Recommendations
Corporate Governance

Risk Risk Management Committee for top 500 listed entities by market Management Committee capitalization.
Corporate Governance

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 17

2.6 Prison Reforms

Prison Reforms

Standing Committee Report on Prison Conditions, Infrastructure, and Reforms(2023) The Standing Committee on Home Affairs, chaired by Mr. Brijlal, submitted its report on “Prison- Conditions, Infrastructure and Reforms” . Key indings and recommendations of the Committee are as follows:; Overcrowding: National prison occupancy at 130%; overcrowded jails in 6 states. Recommended prisoner transfers through state MoUs.
Prison Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 18

3.1 Economy and Economic Development

Economy and Economic Development

Focus Areas Recommendations

3.4 Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Narasimham Committees (1991 and 1998) [On Banking Sector Reforms]
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Narasimham Committee- I (1991)
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 22
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Rangarajan Committee, 1993
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 23
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

P J Nayak Committee, 2014 [On Review of Governance of Boards of Banks]
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Focus Areas Recommendations
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Independent Strengthen the role of Independent Directors in PSBs, establish a Bank Directors Investment Company to hold Government Equity, and set up a Bank Boards Bureau for board recommendations and training.
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

K.V. Kamath Committee, 2020 [On Restructuring Of Corporate Loans]
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

P K Mohanty Committee, 2020 [On Private Sector Banks]
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 24
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

N. S. Viswanathan Committee, 2021 [On Urban Co-operative Banks]
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Usha Thorat Committee, 2011 [On Issues and Concerns in the NBFC]
Urjit Patel Committee, 2014

On Monetary Policy Framework
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Monetary MPC should consist of the RBI Governor, Deputy Governor, Executive Policy Committee Director in charge of monetary policy, and two external full-time members.
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 25
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

The Committee reviewed the reserves, risk provisions, and risk buffers maintained by RBI and recommended their continuation.
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 26
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 27
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Ratan Watal Panel, 2016 [Committee on Digital Payments]

3.5 INSURANCE

INSURANCE

G. N. Bajpai Committee, 2021 [Development of Insurance and Reinsurance Business from International Fffinancial Services Centre]
INSURANCE

Focus Areas Recommendations
INSURANCE

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 28
INSURANCE

R. N. Malhotra Committee, 1993 [On Reforms in Insurance Sector]

3.6 Govt. Budgeting and Public Finance

Govt. Budgeting and Public Finance

NK Singh Committee, 2017 [For Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBM ACT) Review]
Govt. Budgeting and Public Finance

Focus Areas Recommendations
Govt. Budgeting and Public Finance

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 29

3.7 Agriculture and Allied Activities

PYQ where these recommendations can be quoted

Q. How does e-Technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it. (2023, GS-III)
Agriculture and Allied Activities

Focus Areas Other Recommendations [Ashok Dalwai Committee, 2019]
Agriculture and Allied Activities

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 30
Agriculture and Allied Activities

Shanta Kumar Committee, 2014 [High Level Committee on Restructuring of the Food Corporation of India (FCI)]
Agriculture and Allied Activities

Focus Areas Recommendations
Agriculture and Allied Activities

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 31

3.9 Industry and Infrastructure

Industry and Infrastructure

Bimal Jalan Committee, 2010 [Market Infrastructure Institution(MIIs)]
Industry and Infrastructure

Focus Areas Recommendations
Industry and Infrastructure

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 33
Industry and Infrastructure

Atanu Chakraborty Panel, 2019 [On National Infrastructure Pipeline] Focus Areas Recommendations Capital Plan Rs 111 lakh crore capital investments over six years (FY25), with Investment Roadmap 71% allocated to energy, roads, urban development, and railways, involving private investors.
Industry and Infrastructure

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 34
Industry and Infrastructure

Kris Gopalakrishnan Committee, 2020 [On Various issues related to Non-personal Data]
Industry and Infrastructure

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 35
Industry and Infrastructure

Bibek Debroy Committee, 2012 [For Restructuring of Railway Ministry and Railway Board]
Industry and Infrastructure

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 36
Industry and Infrastructure

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 37

3.10 Other Important Committees at Glance

Other Important Committees at Glance

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 38
Other Important Committees at Glance

Baba Kalyani Committee, 2018 [On Special Economic Zones (SEZs)]
Other Important Committees at Glance

Focus Areas Recommendations
Other Important Committees at Glance

Framework Shift focus from export growth to broad-based employment and economic Shift growth through Employment and Economic Enclaves (3Es).
Other Important Committees at Glance

MSMEs Promote MSME participation in 3Es and enable manufacturing service players to locate in 3Es.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Rules Formulate separate rules and procedures for manufacturing and service SEZs.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Developers Provide procedural relaxations for developers and tenants to improve and Tenants operational and exit processes.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Dispute Resolve disputes through arbitration and commercial courts. Resolution
Other Important Committees at Glance

Expert Committee Recommendations on GIFT IFSC
Other Important Committees at Glance

Educational Create specialized degree and diploma programs to enhance workforce skills, aligning Programs with global best practices.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Service Allow only companies or LLPs to offer services in GIFT IFSC. Providers
Other Important Committees at Glance

Overseas Permit overseas entities to open branches in GIFT IFSC only if they don’t have an Branches existing presence in India.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Compliance Implement stringent compliance measures for ffinancial crimes to build trust and Measures credibility.
Other Important Committees at Glance

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 39
Other Important Committees at Glance

T K Viswanathan Committee, 2018 [On Fair Market Conduct]
Other Important Committees at Glance

Fraudulent Consider Benami trading and trading beyond known ffinancial resources as Activity fraudulent activities.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Regulatory Broaden the scope of fraud regulations to cover not only intermediaries but Changes also their employees and agents.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Preventive Empower SEBI to tap telephones and electronic devices to prevent insider Measures trading and other frauds.
Codes of Create separate codes of conduct

For listed companies to set minimum Conduct standards for insider information handling. - For market intermediaries to set standards for price-sensitive information handling.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Nachiket Mor Committee on Fffinancial Inclusion
Other Important Committees at Glance

Payments Set up Payments Banks to offer payment services and deposit products to Banks small businesses and low-income households, with a balance cap.
Other Important Committees at Glance

Mandatory Make reporting of loan information, especially for kisan and general credit Reporting cards, mandatory for all credit bureaus.
Other Important Committees at Glance

PSL Allow banks to invest in bonds, equities, and provide guarantees for PSL Investments beneficiaries to meet PSL targets.
Other Important Committees at Glance

PSL Target Increase the PSL target from 40% to 50% of total credit provided. Revision
Other Important Committees at Glance

Capital Against Fffinancial service providers should commit capital to mitigate customer Customer protection risks. Protection Risk
Other Important Committees at Glance

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 40

4.1 Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Zones

Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Zones

Madhav Gadgil Committee, 2010 [Steps to preserve the ecologically frail Western Ghats]
Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Zones

Focus Areas Recommendations
Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Zones

Shailesh Nayak Committee, 2014 [Regarding Coastal Regulation Zone]
Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Zones

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 41

4.2 Climate Change and Other Related Aspects

Climate Change and Other Related Aspects

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 42

5.3 Police Reforms and Modernization

Police Reforms and Modernization

State-Level Set up a State Security Commission in each state with advisory and Commission recommendatory powers, headed by the Director General of Police (DGP).
Police Reforms and Modernization

Complaints Establish a District Police Complaints Authority in each Police Authority District to examine public complaints regarding police excesses.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Police Form a Police Establishment Board in every state, including the Establishment Board DGP and his four senior-most of icers, to monitor transfers, promotions, rewards, punishments, and service-related issues.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Selection of Select the DGP by the Chief Minister from a panel of three names DGP prepared by a Committee headed by the UPSC Chairman, including key state and union officials.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Separation Establish an independent Police Recruitment Board in each state to of Investigative Functions handle the recruitment of all non-gazetted ranks.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Padmanabhaiah Committee, 2000 [Committee on Police Reforms]
Police Reforms and Modernization

Focus Areas Recommendations
Police Reforms and Modernization

Recruitment Focus on greater recruitment of Sub-Inspectors rather than Constables. Focus
Police Reforms and Modernization

Training Establish a Police Training Advisory Council at the centre and state levels to Advisory Council advise Home Ministers on police training matters.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Community Adopt the philosophy of Community Policing within the Indian Police. Policing
Police Reforms and Modernization

Police Constitute a Police Establishment Board, including the DGP and three Establishment selected members, to decide transfers of of icers above the rank of Deputy Board Superintendent of Police.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Separation of Separate investigation work from law and order duties to enhance ef iciency Duties and focus.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Specialisation Encourage specialisation in policing and develop capabilities to tackle cyber and Cyber Crime crime. Set up a permanent National Commission for Police Standards to establish and maintain standards.
Malimath Committee, 2002-03

On Criminal Justice System Focus Areas Recommendations
Police Reforms and Modernization

Inquisitorial Borrow features from the Inquisitorial System, where a Judicial Magistrate System supervises investigations, as practiced in Germany and France.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Victim Allow victim participation in serious crimes cases and provide adequate Participation compensation.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Article 20(3) Modify Article 20(3) to allow the court to question the accused and draw adverse inferences if the accused refuses to answer.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Security Co Set up National and State Security Commissions. mmissions
Police Reforms and Modernization

Judge Reduce the court vacation period by 21 days to address long case pendency and Population improve the judge-population ratio. Ratio
Police Reforms and Modernization

Central Law Enact a central law to address Organised Crime, Federal Crimes, and Terrorism, despite crime being a State subject.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Witness Implement a strong witness protection mechanism, with judges stepping in if a Protection witness is harassed during cross-examination.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Recommendations of Second ARC, 2005
Police Reforms and Modernization

Responsibility of Ensure efficient, effective, and accountable police functioning, with State Government the power of superintendence vested in the State Government as per the law.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Crime Investigation Separate crime investigation functions from other policing duties.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Police Establishment Create State and District Police Establishment Committees to handle Committees postings, transfers, and other related matters.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Reducing Burden of Police Outsource non-core functions to reduce the burden on police.
Police Reforms and Modernization

District Police Constitute a District Police Complaints Authority to handle Complaints Authority complaints against police of icers within the district.
Police Reforms and Modernization

Sensitisation Implement training programs to sensitise the administration and police to the issues faced by Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Police Reforms and Modernization

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTICES SUMMARY

3 Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives

Impact

Soil organic carbon increased by 5.36% to 42.11%, and available nitrogen increased by 2.70% to 24.21% in paddy fields where spraying was applied.; Seed germination of wheat increased by 17% to 20%.; Consumption of DAP and Urea reduced by 20-25 kg per acre.; Wheat productivity increased by 3% to 3.25% quintals per hectare.
3 Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 10
Impact

Approximately 22,000 EVs have been registered.; Over 9,000 EVs have been purchased, with INR 34.31 crore in subsidies disbursed to eligible beneficiaries.; 28 private charging points have been installed, with plans for 100 public charging stations across Delhi.; Bids for 300 e-Buses under the Cluster Scheme have been floated.
3 Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 11
3 Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 12
3 Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 13

4 Science and Technology Initiatives

4 Science and Technology Initiatives

2. Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) is a unique initiative that provides Indian startups a direct link to the defence industry, creating a platform for easier business dealings with the Ministry of Defence.
Impact

Generation of employment, both direct and indirect, through the initiative.; Serves as a procurement avenue under the Defence Acquisition Procedure, which establishes guidelines for defence procurement.
4 Science and Technology Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 14
4 Science and Technology Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 15
4 Science and Technology Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 16

Facts & figures

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 29
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 30
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 31

11 COVID-19 Response Initiatives

11 COVID-19 Response Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 44

Facts & figures

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 57

26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive Revision of electoral

Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. Amendments; 51st CAA 1984, 42nd CAA 1976, 84th CAA 2001. Related Act; Soosai vs. Union of India (1985); Indra Sawhney Case (1992). Article 332: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
Article 335

Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts; The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in appointment to services shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration. Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Amendments; 65th CAA 1990, 89th CAA 2003 Article 338A; National Commission for Scheduled…
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Official Language
Article 343

Official language of the Union Related Acts; Official Languages Act 1963 Article 351: Directive for development of the Hindi language : It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language.
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Amendments; 38th CAA 1975,42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978, 64th CAA 1990. Related case; S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994). Article 358; Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.; While a Proclamation of Emergency due to war or external aggression is in operation, nothing in Article 19 shall restrict the power of the State to make laws or take executive action. Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA…
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Article 365; Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.; the President may declare that the State Government cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution.
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Related case; S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994); The Andhra Pradesh government case (2020)
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Article 368; Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefore.; Article 13 does not apply to any amendment made under this article.
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Amendments; 24th CAA 1971, 42th CAA 1976, 101st CAA 2016.
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

Related case; Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973),; Minerva Mills case (1980); Waman Rao And Ors vs Union Of India (1981).
Article 371

Special provisions with respect to the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam etc.; Ladakh groups and the Centre discussed Article 371-like constitutional safeguards to protect Ladakh’s land, jobs, culture and local autonomy.

Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

Vohra Committee, 1993 [On Criminalisation of

Focus Areas Recommendations Dedicated Nodal Agency Create a dedicated nodal agency to track crime syndicates and connections to public servants and politicians. Strengthen Strengthen existing laws and introduce new legislation to curb criminal Legislation in luence in politics. Disquali ication Laws Implement stricter laws to disqualify individuals with criminal backgrounds from elections. Surveillance Increase…
Indrajit Gupta Committee, 1999 [On State Funding of

Focus Areas Recommendations State Funding Recommend partial state funding to reduce money power in elections. Eligibility Criteria State funding only for recognized national and state parties; not for independent candidates. Forms of State 1. Free/subsidized access to public broadcasting. 2. Supply of campaign Funding materials. 3. Reimbursement of election expenses. Transparency Parties must maintain detailed…
Election Commission of India, 2004 [Proposed

Focus Areas Recommendations Criminal Candidates must ile af idavits disclosing criminal cases, convictions, Antecedents and Assets assets, liabilities, and educational quali ications. Restriction on Limit candidates to one constituency or impose a penalty for contesting Contesting multiple seats. Negative/Neutral Voting Introduce NOTA (None of the Above) option for voters to reject all candidates in a constituency.…
The Second Administrative Reforms Commission On

Focus Areas Recommendations NOTA Option Include NOTA button in EVMs, and count NOTA votes. Expenditure Set and revise expenditure ceilings for candidates periodically, Ceiling managed by Election Commission. Single Restrict candidates to contest from one constituency at a time. Constituency Disquali ication for Vest Election Commission with authority to decide on disquali ication Defection due to defection.…
High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous

Ram Nath Kovind] Focus Areas Recommendations Rationale Simultaneous elections will ensure stable governance, reduce disruptions, lower costs, and increase voter participation. Implementation Framework Dissolve Lok Sabha, state assemblies, and local bodies simultaneously as a one-time measure; hold elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies together, with local bodies within 100 days. On Hung Fresh elections for…
Venkatachaliah Commission (2002) Recommendations on

Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations Focus Areas Recommendations Inter-State Create Inter-State Council to facilitate dialogue, build consensus, and address Council contentious issues between Union and States. Transfer of Union should only manage subjects in concurrent jurisdictions essential for Entries from List II national uniformity. to List III Legislation Manage legislation on concurrent jurisdiction…
TSR Subramanian Committee, 2016 [Committee for

(NEP)] Focus Areas Recommendations Early Childhood Care and Provide pre-primary education in government schools; declare ECCE Education(ECCE) a right for children aged 4-5. RTE Act Amend RTE Act to ensure uniform norms for government and private schools, and extend curriculum to minority institutions. School Exams Use scaled scores, offer exam dif iculty choices, propose online on- demand board exams, and no…
Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

Framework (NCF)] Focus Areas Recommendations RTE Act Extend RTE Act to cover early childhood and secondary education, ages 3-18. Curriculum Propose a 5-3-3-4 design: 5 years foundational, 3 preparatory, 3 Framework middle, 4 secondary. Regulatory Structure Establish NHERA to replace existing higher education regulators, including for professional/vocational education. National Create Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog, headed…
Education Commission the apex body for education.

National Repository on Set up a National Repository to maintain digital records for Educational Data institutions, teachers, and students. Three-Language Continue three-language formula, with lexible implementation Formula and modular board exams.
R P Tiwari Committee, 2020 [On suggesting multiple

multidisciplinary centres] Focus Areas Recommendations Higher Education Set up large, multi-disciplinary Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Institutions in or near every district by 2030, inspired by institutions like Nalanda and Takshashila. Promote Facilitate collaboration through HEI clusters, enabling multi- Academic Collaboration disciplinary education and research, and merge single-stream institutions.…
Second Administrative Reforms Commission on

Focus Areas Recommendations NeGP Implement National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) to provide a Implementation comprehensive e-governance framework covering all services at central and state levels. Nodal Agency Establish dedicated departments/agencies for e-Governance at central and state levels. Citizen-centric Design e-Governance services to be citizen-centric; implement Single Window Systems for easy access. Common…
Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee,1999

Composition of the board of directors should be the optimum combination of executive & non- executive directors.; Audit committee should contain 3 independent directors with one having ffinancial and accounting knowledge.; Remuneration committee should be set up.; The Board should hold at least 4 meetings in a year with a maximum gap of 4 months between 2 meetings to review operational plans, capital budgets…
Uday Kotak Committee, 2017 [On Corporate Governance]

Focus Areas Recommendations Board of Directors Minimum 6 directors on boards of listed companies; at least 1 woman independent director; 50% non-executive directors. Separate Roles Separation of roles of Chairperson and CEO for better governance. Subsidiaries Increased focus on the governance; Independent director on the board of material subsidiaries. Appointment Board (not nodal ministry) should decide on…
Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

Segregation: Mandatory segregation of undertrials, convicts, and ffirst-time offenders inside jails, during court production, hospital visits, etc.; Special Fast-Track Courts: Establish fast-track courts to handle petty offenses and cases pending for ive years or more.; Monitoring by Judges: District and sessions judges to monitor progress of cases pending for over one year in session triable cases and over six…
Standing Committee Report on Prison Conditions,

The Standing Committee on Home Affairs, chaired by Mr. Brijlal, submitted its report on “Prison- Conditions, Infrastructure and Reforms” . Key indings and recommendations of the Committee are as follows:; Overcrowding: National prison occupancy at 130%; overcrowded jails in 6 states. Recommended prisoner transfers through state MoUs. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 18; Bail & Monitoring: Use technology…
Remittances: NRIs sent $119 billion in remittances

streamlining transfer platforms, reducing fees, addressing tax issues, and encouraging investments in diverse sectors.; Grievance Redressal: Multiple touchpoints delay responses; embassies should establish accessible databases to track complaints, with nodal of icers listed for better follow-up.; Prisoner Transfers: India’s 31 bilateral agreements for transferring sentenced prisoners need expansion to include…

Best-practice case study: 2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations

Combating Drug Addiction – Nasha Mukt Bharat

The National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) aims to prevent substance abuse through education, awareness, counseling, treatment, and rehabilitation. Impact; Over 8,000 volunteers reaching 80 lakh people.; Contribution of 29 lakh women via Anganwadi & ASHA workers, Mahila Mandals, and Self-Help Groups.; Effective use of social media to spread awareness on substance abuse.; Development of an Android…
Aangan – Digital Inspection of Child Care Institutes

The objective is to digitally inspect childcare institutes registered under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, using the SafCa app. This aims to enhance monitoring and evaluation of childcare homes across the country. Impact:; User-friendly app interface for easy inspections.; Displays merits, demerits and areas for improvement for each institute.; Facilitates comparative study between…
Cluster-Based Camp Adoption – Tripura

The objective is to saturate all seven flagship schemes—PM Ujjwala Yojana, PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, UJALA Yojana, PM Jan Dhan Yojana, PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, PM Suraksha Bima Yojana, and Mission Indradhanush—in the district and create awareness about government programmes. Impact:; Significant improvement in the functioning and coordination of various departments.; Robust administration enhancing overall…
Patsendri Model Colony - Mahasamund, Chhattisgarh

To create a self-sustainable model for capacity building, employment generation, and community development through the convergence of various social sector schemes. Impact:; The initiative has transformed Patsendri into a cohesive Model Colony with improved infrastructure and utilities, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among the 84 households.; Topics where it can be Applied: Community Development…
Jnanabhumi Portal - Andhra Pradesh

To streamline post-matric scholarship delivery through an integrated digital platform that ensures transparency, accountability, paperless processing, and easier access for students. Impact: Launched in 2017, Jnanabhumi replaced the earlier e-Pass system, which suffered from duplication, redundancy, manual verification, and high turnaround time. The platform integrated scholarships, admissions, course mapping, fee…
Mission Jeevika - Odisha

To promote sustainable livelihoods among tribal communities by converging flagship schemes and creating cluster-based farm and off-farm livelihood opportunities. Impact: Mission Jeevika was implemented through 22 Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) by the SC & ST Development Department and Odisha Tribal Development Society. It supported 83,000 tribal beneficiaries and nurtured 554 farm and off-farm…
DMFT-led Development Planning - Dhanbad, Jharkhand

To improve development outcomes in mining-affected areas by converging state plans with District Mineral Foundation Trust funds through village-level microplanning and need-based interventions. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 8 Impact: The initiative used Village Development Plans, stakeholder meetings, field visits, needs assessment, and departmental convergence to prepare a yearly district development plan under DMFT.…

Best-practice case study: 9 E-Governance and Digitization Initiatives

Portability of Ration Cards: One Nation One Ration

The objective of the One Nation One Ration Card program is to ensure that migrants and poor people can access their ration from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across the country, regardless of their location. Impact:; Empowers beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) to obtain food grains from any e-PoS enabled FPS nationwide.; Migrant beneficiaries can access subsidized food grains through biometric…
Farmer Registration and Unified Beneficiary

The objective of the Farmer Registration and Unified Beneficiary Information System (FRUITS) is to create a comprehensive database of farmers in Karnataka, facilitating the faster and targeted delivery of agriculture-related services through an advanced IT platform. Impact:; Aadhaar-based farmer registration overcomes the limitations of manual and isolated IT systems.; FRUITS serves as a one-stop platform for…
Kutumba: Social Protection cum Entitlement

Kutumba is an IT-based platform designed to improve access to government benefits for the poor, promoting inclusive growth through a centralized social registry that stores information on approximately 1.75 crore families in Karnataka. Impact:; Kutumba's social registry creates individual and family attributes, streamlining the identification of beneficiaries and their entitlements.; The Suvidha platform allows…
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age

UMANG is a mobile application that aims to improve access to citizen-centric government services by aggregating services from both Central and State governments on a single platform. Impact:; The app offers 1300+ services from 265 Central Government departments, 32 State/UT Governments, and 20,000 bill payment services.; As of 2021, the app has 3.8 crore users with transactions worth over ₹200 crore.; Several…
Akanksha: An Integrated Online Platform for SDG and

The Akanksha IT platform brings together stakeholders of the CSR ecosystem, enhancing support to government departments and district officials in achieving priority SDG indicators and focus areas. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 33 Impact:; Provides State governments with an overview of CSR spending requirements and nature.; Ensures accountability and transparency of all stakeholders in the CSR process.; Focuses on the…
Best-practice case study: 9 E-Governance and

The initiative aims to provide citizens with a secure platform to access all their documents from a public cloud, promoting digital accessibility and ease of verification. Impact:; The National Academic Depository platform, implemented through DigiLocker, provides verified digital educational certifications with over 41 million certifications issued across various boards.; Foreign universities and the eSanad…
Infrastructure Snapshot App, Goalpara

The application aims to enable users to monitor public services, ensuring accountability for officials regarding delayed or incomplete work, while promoting transparency in tracking complaints and suggestions. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 34 Impact:; The app serves as a convergence platform for monitoring infrastructure, human resources, and public institutions like government offices, hospitals, schools, and schemes.…
Loksewak App: E-Attendance Application, Khandwa

The Loksewak app aims to improve good governance by ensuring government and public servants in Khandwa district log their completed activities, fostering transparency and accountability. Impact:; 8,500 government and public servants log into the app to mark completed tasks, ensuring effective attendance and field monitoring.; The app has enhanced communication between the government and the public, improving the…
Dhimsa Radio – Transmitting Social Change in Koraput

Dhimsa, a community radio station, has become a tool for social change in disseminating information on government schemes. Impact:; The community radio highlights many issues, from food sovereignty, organic farming to women’s health and empowerment and problems faced by children. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 35; The radio also provides a platform to the rural residents to air their grievances and local artistes to…
Block Development Officer (BDO) Score Cards -

To assess the performance of Block Development Officers (BDOs) in a transparent and objective manner, incorporating their self-assessment, to enhance motivation and recognition. Impact:; The initiative in Hazaribagh has improved transparency in performance evaluations and motivated BDOs, fostering a more effective and motivated civil service dedicated to rural development.; Topics where it can be Applied: Good…
Maha Land Bank System - Washim, Maharashtra

The Maha Land Bank system is a digital platform launched by the Government of Maharashtra in India in 2018. It’s objective is to create a comprehensive repository of government land information in Washim District for informed policy decisions and citizen access. Impact:; The Land Bank has bridged information asymmetry on land records and provided valuable, accessible information to the public, facilitating better…
MINE MITRA - Uttar Pradesh

To bring transparency, efficiency, and real-time surveillance in mining administration by digitising mineral services, permits, transportation monitoring, and citizen interfaces. Impact: MINE MITRA was developed by the Directorate of Geology and Mining, Uttar Pradesh, as an integrated e-governance platform for mining and mineral management. It uses real-time data surveillance and business-process re-engineering to…
RailMadad: Public Grievance Handling Initiative -

To provide railway passengers with a unified digital platform for registering, tracking, and resolving complaints in a time-bound and transparent manner. Impact: RailMadad was introduced as Indian Railways’ public grievance-handling initiative to improve passenger services through digital complaint registration and monitoring. It consolidated grievance handling into a more citizen-centric system, enabling passengers…
Navchetna Bakery - Livelihood Generation

The Navchetna bakery aims to provide inclusive employment opportunities for vulnerable groups, including women who were trafficked and rescued, transgender individuals, and those who are differently-abled, while promoting local produce in bakery products. Impact:; The bakery sells innovative products that were previously unknown to the district, expanding market options.; Provides employment and skills development…
Aabha Sakhis in Madhya Pradesh – Encouraging Legal

The Aabha Sakhis (Self-Help Group members) aim to encourage people to obtain legal electricity connections, pay their electricity bills on time, and raise awareness about government schemes to benefit the community, while challenging societal views on women. Impact:; Awareness is created about government schemes and the consequences of malpractices in electricity readings and payments.; New legal electricity…
Biz Sakhi: Community-Based Mentors for Women

Empowerment Biz Sakhi is an initiative aimed at improving access to entrepreneurship and employment opportunities for women in both rural and urban areas, focusing on awareness, psychosocial support, employability, business skills, and mentorship. Impact:; Psychosocial support, including life skills, mentoring, and self-care, has helped reduce socio-cultural barriers for women entrepreneurs.; 8-13% increase in…
Gaura SHG – Food Processing (Uttarakhand)

The Gaura SHG was formed in 2018 to empower women in Valli village, Pauri Garhwal district, through the creation of a Self-Help Group (SHG), with support from UNDP-Uttarakhand State Rural Livelihood Mission (USRLM). Impact:; The SHG received hands-on training to help set up their venture, enabling them to sell products, cover expenses, and earn a nominal profit within a year.; Women were encouraged to participate in…
Gauthan - Multi-Activity Centres for Livelihood

The initiative focuses on creating livelihood opportunities for local women through the involvement of women’s SHGs in activities like super compost production, vermicomposting, mushroom plantation, and horticulture. It also integrates technology with the creation of a 'Gauthan Map' mobile app for managing procurement, outputs, and cattle sheds. Impact:; The initiative has led to the purchase of cow dung worth over…
Asha – Ek Umeed Ki Kiran: Women Empowerment Centre

To empower local women by providing skill development and employment opportunities in various production units. Impact:; Since its establishment in February 2018, the Asha Centre in Kondagaon has trained and employed over 300 women, increasing their employability, awareness of government schemes, and economic independence. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 41; Topics where it can be Applied: Women Empowerment, Skill…
Solar Mamas - Gumla, Jharkhand

To empower rural women by training them in the fabrication of solar panels and photovoltaic circuits, providing sustainable livelihoods and electrifying remote households. Impact:; The initiative in Gumla has enabled local women to electrify 150 unelectrified households and gain skills for sustainable income, significantly improving their economic status and quality of life.; Topics where it can be Applied: Women…
‘Liter of Light’ Portable Lights - Ranchi, Jharkhand

To empower women of SHGs by training them to produce low-cost, portable solar room lights, enhancing lighting solutions in rural areas. Impact; The initiative in Ranchi has provided sustainable lighting to villagers, promoted economic opportunities for SHG women, and plans to extend lighting to all toilets under the 'Swachh Bharat Mission' through a retail chain at Pragya Kendras.; Topics where it can be Applied…
Didi Ki Dukaan: Empowering Rural Women

To enable rural women to build dignified and sustainable income sources through an SHG-based shop model aimed at creating Lakhpati Didis. Impact: The initiative by the District Administration of Dumka promotes rural women’s entrepreneurship through SHG-based shops. It supports women in moving out of poverty by creating local enterprise opportunities, strengthening access to markets, and building sustainable income…
UMEED / Jammu & Kashmir Rural Livelihoods Mission -

To reduce poverty by mobilising poor rural households into Self Help Groups and linking them with self- employment, skilled wage employment, fffinancial inclusion, and government entitlements. Impact: UMEED, implemented under the J&K Rural Livelihoods Mission, focuses on universal social mobilisation, building grassroots institutions of the poor, universal fffinancial inclusion, training, capacity building, and…
SARTHI & SAKHI- Mental Health Helpline

The initiative aimed to provide mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic through dedicated helplines: Sarthi for mental health and Sakhi for women's rights and distress calls. Impact:; Sarthi helpline offered mental health and psychosocial support, with 14 counselors providing online support for over 3,500 cases across all age groups.; Sakhi helpline focused on protecting women's rights, handling 15-20…

Facts and figures for this syllabus heading.