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Tribes In India
Demographic Data; As per Census 2011, Scheduled Tribes (STs) form 8.6% of India’s population (~10.45 crore people).; Sex ratio among STs is 990 females per 1000 males which is higher than the national average of 943.; There are over 700 Scheduled Tribes notified under Article 342 of the Constitution.; Decadal growth rate for ST population: 24%, compared to national average of ~17.6%.; The Bhil community is the…
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Crimes Against Sts As per NCRB (2021)
Crimes against Scheduled Castes increased by 13.1%; Crimes against Scheduled Tribes increased by 14.3% over the previous year. Constitutional And Legal Provisions; Article 15, 16, 46, 335, 338A, 342(1) , Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA Act) – Provide protective and affirmative provisions for Scheduled Tribes.; 5th and 6th Schedules – Governance of tribal areas in states like Jharkhand…
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Forest Rights Act (2006)
Legal recognition of forest rights of tribal communities.; Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955) – Prohibits untouchability and protects civil rights.; Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996 – Devolves power to Gram Sabhas. Major Schemes & Institutions; Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN); Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) – Residential schools for tribal…
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India As A Multilingual Society
Data and Facts; As per 2011 Census, 121 languages are recognized as having over 10,000 speakers each.; The 1961 Census identified 1,652 languages spoken across India.
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India As A Multilingual Society
The People's Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) has documented 780 languages, of which 50 have become extinct in the last 50 years.; UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger notes that 196 Indian languages are endangered. Constitutional Provisions; Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities, including language.; Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.…
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Constitutional Framework Key Laws
Article 21A – Right to free and compulsory; Protection of Children from Sexual Offences education (6–14 years). (POCSO) Act, 2012; Article 24 – Prohibits child labour under; Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, hazardous conditions. 2015; Article 39(f) – State to ensure children grow; Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) with dignity. Amendment Act, 2016; Article 45 – Early Childhood Care and; Immoral…
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Demographic Snapshot Education Indicators 0–6
158.8 million (Census; ASER 2024:
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0–18 years population
472 million (~39% of remained above 98%.
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UNICEF 2024 projection
India will house 66.8% in 2024. ~15% of the global child population by 2050; Out-of-school children (15-16 years); Juvenile delinquency: Over 30,000 cases reduced to 7.9%. reported (NCRB 2022)
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Health & Nutrition Child Labour & Protection
Crime Against Children (NCRB 2023); Stunted children (<5 yrs): 29.3%; Total cases of crime against children in; Wasted: 5.2% 2023: 1,77,335; Under-five mortality: 28 per 1,000 live; Increase over 2022: 9.2% births; Crime rate in 2023: 39.9 per one lakh child; Full immunization: 87.1% population; FAO Report: 194.6 million Indians; 2022: 36.6 undernourished (13.7% of population); Major Crimes Against Children (2023)…
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Key Facts And Figures Constitutional Provisions
Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty Estimated at 346 million (UNFPA Report; Article 41: Right to public assistance in old 2023). age; Census 2011: Elderly population (60+ years); Article 46: Protection of weaker sections was 104 million, accounting for 8.6% of; Article 47: Duty of the State to improve India’s total population. nutrition and standard of living; About 8% of elderly have some form of…
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Healthcare Schemes Social Security Schemes
PM Jan Arogya Yojana:; National Social Assistance Programme Free secondary and tertiary care for senior (NSAP): Pension of ₹200–₹500/month under citizens below poverty line. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension; Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana: Provides aids and Scheme (IGNOAPS). assistive living devices for poor elderly.; PM Vaya Vandana Yojana: 8% assured return pension scheme for citizens aged 60+.; Atal Pension…
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Data and Facts Census 2011
SCs comprise about 16.6% of India's population.; NCRB's (Crime in India) 2023:; 57,789 cases registered; Uttar Pradesh accounting for highest, followed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh (8,232)
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Poverty and Developmental Issues
Multidimensional Poverty (Mpi) 2025; India’s MPI value stands at 0.069, showing major improvement.; Poverty declined from 55.1% (2005–06) to 16.4% (2019–21). Vulnerable Populations; About 18.7% of Indians are vulnerable to multidimensional poverty
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Poverty and Developmental Issues
State-Wise Distribution; Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have higher MPI values and greater deprivation.; Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Goa perform better with lower multidimensional poverty. Poverty Free State; Kerala becomes the fffirst Indian state to declare freedom from extreme poverty.
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Constitutional Provisions Articles
16, 17, 21, 39, 39(a), 41, 42, 45 provide protection and promote welfare of the poor.
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Major Schemes/Programs MGNREGA
Provides 100 days of wage employment to rural households.; National Food Security Act (NFSA): Ensures subsidised food grains to poor households. Key Committees And Poverty Estimation; Alagh Committee (1979): Calorie-based poverty line.; Lakdawala Committee (1993): Fixed consumption basket.; Tendulkar Committee (2009): Revised methodology, considered health and education expenses.; Rangarajan Committee (2012): Higher…
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Key Facts And Figures Children (Under 5 Years)
29.3% (NFHS-6) down from 35.5% in NFHS-5; Wasting: 5.2% (NFHS-6) down from 7.7% in NFHS-5 Obesity: 30.7% of women and 27.3% of men aged 15–49 years are overweight or obese .
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Anemia (NFHS-5) Adolescent girls (15–19 years)
59.1%; Pregnant women (15–49 years): 52.2%; Children (6–59 months): 67.1%
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Global Hunger Index 2024
Rank 105 out of 127 (serious hunger level); Child wasting rate: 18.7% (highest globally); Child stunting rate: 35.5%; India accounts for ~23% of the world’s undernourished population Global Nutrition Report 2022; India is on track for 3 maternal, infant and young child nutrition (MIYCN) targets; No progress in reducing child wasting; Anemia in States/UTs: Over 50% of women and children are anemic in 13 of 22…
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Parliament and Legislatures Of Uts and States
Criminalization Of Politics; 43% of MPs in 17th Lok Sabha have pending criminal cases; 29% have serious charges; 109% increase compared to 2009 Women’s Representation In Parliament At Local Levels; Lok Sabha: ~15% women; Panchayats: ~47% women elected; Rajya Sabha: ~10% women; Women Sarpanches: ~43%; Global average: 22.9%; State Legislatures: ~13.9% women; India ranks 153 out of 190 countries
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Election and Politics
Voter Turnout Electoral Spending And Funding; 67.4% turnout in the 17th Lok Sabha; Expenditure Limit: ₹70 lakh per candidate in Lok elections (2019). Sabha elections.; 65.79% turnout in the 18th Lok Sabha; Total Spending: elections (2024).; 2019 Elections: ₹55,000–60,000 crore; Third Gender: Approx. 25% turnout.; 2024 Elections: Approx. ₹1.35 lakh crore; Women voters outnumbered men in (more than double) several…
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Key Data (2025–26) Total Pending
4,13,972 across 29 Information Commissions as of June 30, 2025.; Defunct Information Commissions: Six ICs were non-functional for varying periods; Jharkhand and Himachal Pradesh remained completely defunct as of October 7, 2025.; Gender Representation: Women remain severely under-represented in Information Commissions.; E-filing Status: Supreme Court has directed all State Information Commissions to provide…
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Definitions SHGs
Informal, member-driven groups (mainly women) that pool savings and obtain microcredit for community development.; CSOs: Independent organizations—including NGOs and community groups—that address social issues and advocate for public interests. Self-Help Groups (Shgs) – Key Data; Under DAY-NRLM, 90.91 lakh women SHGs have been formed.; Membership: 10.05 crore rural women households have been mobilised.
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Key Government Schemes DAY-NRLM
National mission to mobilize rural poor through SHGs.; SVEP: Supports small entrepreneurship in villages.; MKSP: Empowers women farmers.
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Best Practices & Model Organizations Kudumbashree
Large women’s SHG network with poverty reduction programs.; MAVIM (Maharashtra): Provides finance and livelihood support to SHGs.; Notable CSOs: Geeta Kurmi, Amba Foundation, SEWA, Chintan—leading work in education, environment, and women’s empowerment.
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Expenditure & Fffinancial Indicators Health
FY23–24 Allocation: 2023–24 Economic Survey reports public health expenditure rising to 1.9% of GDP, with continued progress toward 2.5%.; Priority Share: Health’s share of social services spending rose from 20.8% in FY19 to 24.9% in FY24 BE.; Out-of-pocket expenditure declined from 64.2% to 43.4% between 2013–14 and 2022–23.; NHP 2017 Target: Aims to raise public health expenditure to 2.5% of GDP by 2025. Health…
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Infrastructure & Human Resources PHC Beds and
Rural Health Statistics report ~818,661 beds in public health facilities (PHCs to tertiary).; Doctor–Population Ratio: At ~1:834 compared to WHO's 1:1000 benchmark. Constitutional & Legal Framework; Constitutional Mandates: Articles 21, 38, 39(e), 41, 42, 47, 48A place health within the state's socio-economic obligations.; Legislation: Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, Clinical Establishment Act, 2010, Maternity Benefit…
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Major Health Missions & Schemes Ayushman
Health insurance for 50+ crore poor plus expanded coverage for senior citizens.; AB-Health Infrastructure Mission: FY24–25 budget boost to strengthen infrastructure.; Maternal-Child Health Initiatives: Include Janani Suraksha Yojana, Mission Indradhanush, PMSMA, LaQshya, MAA scheme.; Disease Control Programmes: Ongoing efforts under IDSP, RNTCP, NLEP, Pulse Polio, NMHP.
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Education
Learning Outcomes And Digital Divide; Around 25% of youth aged 14–18 could not read a Class II-level text fluently in their regional language.; Over 50% could not solve 3-digit by 1-digit division problems; only 43.3% could do so correctly.; Smartphone access among 14–16-year-olds is near 90%, but ownership and digital-safety skill gaps persist. Equity In Enrolment; Scheduled Caste (SC) students make up 14.9% and…
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Constitutional and legal framework related to
Article 21A: Right to education; Articles 28–30: Cultural and educational rights; Articles 41, 45, 46: Directive principles promoting education; Article 51(k): Duty of parents to provide education; Article 350A: Instruction in mother tongue at the primary stage; The Right to Education Act, 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6– 14 years.
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Government Initiatives MUDRA Yojana
Micro-credit for entrepreneurship; Mahila Samriddhi Yojana – Fffinancial inclusion of women; Krishi Sampada – Credit access for agri-processing units; Payments Vision 2025 (RBI) – “E-Payments for Everyone, Everywhere, Everytime”
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Allied Sectors
Women ownership; 73.2% of rural women are engaged in farming activities; But only about 14% own landholdings.
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Data and Facts Malnourishment
No progress towards reducing anemia.; No progress towards reducing wasting. ✓ 17.3% of children under 5 years of age are affected. ✓ It is higher than the average for the Asia region (8.9%). ✓ Among the highest in the world.; The prevalence of overweight children under 5 years of age is 1.6%.; About 5% of the total population in the country sleeps without two square meals a day. (National Sample Survey)
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Key Facts Status in India
Currently has the largest number of undernourished people in the world i.e., around 195 million.; Nearly 47 million or 4 out of 10 children in India do not meet their full human potential because of chronic undernutrition or stunting; Over 34% of children under 5 years of age are still affected.
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Air Pollution
Health And Economic Impact; Over 1 lakh children under 5 die annually due to air pollution.; Air pollution contributes to 12.5% of all deaths in India.; Labour income loss due to pollution-related health issues is estimated at hundreds of billions annually.
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Climate Change
Climate Justice Principles; Social and environmental justice.; Indigenous rights and adaptation.; Community resilience, climate education, just transition. Climate Finance & Carbon Markets; Carbon Credit Trading Scheme.; Renewable Energy Certificates, ESCerts (PAT).; Sovereign Green Bonds, Priority Sector Lending.; RBI initiatives for green finance. Carbon Capture & Storage; Capture CO₂ from sources.; Utilize it as…
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1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail
2. Scheme for Economic Empowerment of De-Noti ied, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (Seed) Overview Launched in February 2022 by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, the SEED Scheme is a targeted initiative aimed at addressing the historic socio- economic exclusion of De-noti ied Tribes (DNTs), Nomadic Tribes (NTs), and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (SNTs).
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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)
Scheduled Tribes
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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)
Pradhan Mantri Janjati; For the overall development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan Groups (PVTGs). (PM JANMAN); Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs
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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)
Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu; A venture capital fund has been set up to promote Vikas Yojana entrepreneurship/start-up projects by ST youth.; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs
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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)
Pradhan Mantri Jan Jatiya; Minimum Support Price (MSP) is ensured for Minor Forest Vikas Mission. Produce, and marketing support for tribal products is provided through the Under this mission.; Under this mission, the total number of Van Dhan Vikas Kendra sanctioned is 3958.; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs
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49 key performance indicators (KPIs)
Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh; Aims to provide basic infrastructure in villages with a significant Gram Yojana (PMAAGY) tribal population.; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs
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Police Reforms and Modernization
Representation of Increase female representation in police to about 33% at all levels. Women in Police
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Combating Drug Addiction
Nasha Mukt Bharat The National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) aims to prevent substance abuse through education, awareness, counseling, treatment, and rehabilitation.
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2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations
Digital Inspection of Child Care Institutes The objective is to digitally inspect childcare institutes registered under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, using the SafCa app. This aims to enhance monitoring and evaluation of childcare homes across the country.
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Impact
User-friendly app interface for easy inspections.; Displays merits, demerits and areas for improvement for each institute.; Facilitates comparative study between different childcare institutes.; Cost-effective and scalable, enabling nationwide monitoring of childcare homes.
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2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 6
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Cluster-Based Camp Adoption
Tripura The objective is to saturate all seven flagship schemes—PM Ujjwala Yojana, PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, UJALA Yojana, PM Jan Dhan Yojana, PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, PM Suraksha Bima Yojana, and Mission Indradhanush—in the district and create awareness about government programmes.
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Impact
Significant improvement in the functioning and coordination of various departments.; Robust administration enhancing overall effectiveness.; Increased citizen awareness of government schemes, leading to more efficient service delivery.; Technology integration through daily reports to monitor progress.; Citizen feedback collected via WhatsApp during cluster-based camps, improving responsiveness.
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Patsendri Model Colony
Mahasamund, Chhattisgarh To create a self-sustainable model for capacity building, employment generation, and community development through the convergence of various social sector schemes.
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Impact
The initiative has transformed Patsendri into a cohesive Model Colony with improved infrastructure and utilities, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among the 84 households.
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Jnanabhumi Portal
Andhra Pradesh To streamline post-matric scholarship delivery through an integrated digital platform that ensures transparency, accountability, paperless processing, and easier access for students.
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Impact
Launched in 2017, Jnanabhumi replaced the earlier e-Pass system, which suffered from duplication, redundancy, manual verification, and high turnaround time. The platform integrated scholarships, admissions, course mapping, fee details, Aadhaar-based verification, biometric attendance, e-sign approvals, SMS alerts, and a 24x7 helpdesk. It benefited around 16 lakh students enrolled in over 2,300 courses, across more…
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2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 7
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Mission Jeevika
Odisha To promote sustainable livelihoods among tribal communities by converging flagship schemes and creating cluster-based farm and off-farm livelihood opportunities.
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2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 8
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Impact
The initiative used Village Development Plans, stakeholder meetings, field visits, needs assessment, and departmental convergence to prepare a yearly district development plan under DMFT. It helped address gaps in drinking water, healthcare, sanitation, education, skill development, women and childcare, welfare of the elderly and disabled, and environmental conservation. Community toilets were constructed in public…
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2 Social Welfare and Governance Innovations
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 9
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AI for Cleaner City Management
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh To improve urban sanitation and public health by using AI and IoT-enabled waste-management systems for real-time litter detection, smart-bin monitoring, route optimisation, and faster civic response.
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5 Skill Development Initiatives
Special Project for Transgenders The objective is to provide livelihood and enterprise training for transgender individuals in Delhi-NCR, equipping them with entrepreneurship skills to run their own enterprises.
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Project Excel
Progress of the Marginalized in Gujarat The initiative aims to empower marginalized groups such as women, youth, orphans, minority communities, fishing communities, and scheduled castes (SCs) by helping them access government schemes and entitlements.
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Narmada Transformation Corps
Narmada, Gujarat The scheme aims to engage youth in local development through the Narmada Transformation Corps, providing educational support and skill development to enhance their employability.
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Impact
The initiative has improved educational outcomes in over 300 schools with additional teachers and increased youth employability through various skill development workshops.
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Setting Up an Industrial Sewing-Machine Facility
Palamu, Jharkhand To create sustainable livelihood opportunities within Left-Wing Extremism affected districts by employing local SHG members in the production of school uniforms.
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Impact
The initiative in Palamu has successfully created local employment for 200 SHG members, producing 2.5 lakh school dresses annually, thereby retaining skilled workforce and contributing to the district's economic growth.
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Impact
The Assam Skill Development Mission signed an MoU with ITE Education Services, Singapore as the global knowledge partner for establishing the North East Skill Centre at Guwahati. The centre aims to provide high-quality skill training to rural youth with assured placement. Assam also created the DAKSHA mobile application, or Digital Access to Knowledge & Skill Human Resource of Assam, to bring skill ecosystem…
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Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence
Kerala To coordinate and strengthen skill development in Kerala by creating centres of excellence, employability centres, career development centres, job training centres, and vocational education initiatives.
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Impact
Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence was established as the nodal agency for facilitating and coordinating skill development initiatives in the state. It promoted Centres of Excellence, Kaushal Kendras, Employability Centres, Career Development Centres, and Community Skill Parks. Kerala planned 16 Community Skill Parks under the PPP model. The initiative established 6 Centres of Excellence in sectors such as nursing…
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
1. Prompt Treatment of Heart Attacks through STEMI/NSTEMI Programme The initiative aims to provide free and prompt treatment for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), a serious complication of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), in India.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
2. Reducing Maternal and Newborn Deaths through Mobile Application in Uttar Pradesh The initiative aims to strengthen the supportive supervision of ASHAs to reduce maternal and newborn deaths by assisting pregnant women throughout pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and tracking their children's health.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 21
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
3. Nutri-Garden Initiative, Rajasthan The initiative aims to promote nutrition security and dietary diversity by setting up community nutrition gardens at anganwadi centers, utilizing the ICDS scheme and MGNREGA workers to grow local vegetables and fruits.
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Impact
Rs 10,000 per nutri-garden was disbursed by the ICDS scheme to set up gardens at anganwadi centers.; The approach is innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable for improving nutrition security, dietary diversity, and reducing malnutrition.; In Banswara district, 149 nutri-gardens were established, helping 70% of 300 malnourished children overcome malnutrition.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
4. Mera Baccha Abhiyan (Madhya Pradesh) The initiative aims to enable government officials, NGOs, and members of the public to ‘adopt’ malnourished children in Datia, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh, ensuring their speedy and time-bound recovery.
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Impact
Suposhan Mela provided health check-ups and distributed Suposhan & Swachhta kits to malnourished children.; Poshan clubs were established as one-stop centers to provide resources for the children.; A 17.5% reduction in malnutrition rate was achieved, with the current rate standing at 4.99% according to NFHS-V data.; The district achieved 100% breastfeeding under this initiative.
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Centralized Kitchen for Better Nutrition
Nandurbar, Maharashtra To tackle deep-rooted problems of Malnourishment and Anaemia in the tribal dominated Aspirational District of Nandurbar. Establishing a Centralised Kitchen to provide hot and nutritious meals to children in residential schools, also known as Ashram Shalas.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 22
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Impact
This Central Kitchen caters to 28 Ashram schools with a capacity of more than 11,000 students.
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Bike Ambulance, Auto Ambulance, Delivery Vans for
Kandhamal, Odisha To avoid delivery on the way to hospitals and encourage Institutional Deliveries.
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Impact
The rate of Institutional Deliveries in Kandhamal is now the highest in the State at 97% & maternal deaths have reduced by 65%.
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Hamar Swastya App
Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh Identifying numerous undetected Non-Communicable diseases (NCDs), the Aspirational District of Rajnandgaon has launched the ‘Hamar Swasthya’ App to make people’s health cards available to the doctors and health workers.
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Impact
Provide access to the medical history of patients for timely treatment and subsequent follow-ups.
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Hostels for Pregnant Tribal Women
Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh The scheme aims to reduce maternal mortality by providing pregnant women from remote villages with access to comprehensive medical care and support in dedicated hostels before and after delivery.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 23
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Kalpana Programme for Better Health
Dhenkanal, Odisha The scheme aims to ensure mandatory USG testing for pregnant women and promote nutritional rehabilitation for children while advocating for gender equality in Dhenkanal.
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MISSION API – 10
Reduction of Malaria - Koraput, Odisha The scheme aims to reduce malaria-related deaths in Koraput by distributing Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and implementing community engagement strategies to promote their use.
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AMA SANKALPA (An Initiative to Reduce Infant and
Rayagada, Odisha The scheme aims to improve maternal and child health outcomes in Rayagada by increasing healthcare accessibility and awareness through targeted interventions and community engagement.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 24
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Impact
The initiative has reduced IMR and MMR in the district by conducting special health sessions, tracking high-risk pregnancies, and providing nutritional support and counselling for malnourished children.
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‘DAKSHATA’ Initiative to Reduce Maternal Mortality
Gadchiroli, Maharashtra The scheme aims to reduce high maternal mortality in Gadchiroli by enhancing the capacity of frontline health workers, routine tracking of pregnant women, and addressing key bottlenecks in health service delivery.
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Impact
The Dakshata Initiative has improved maternal health outcomes through effective training, better tracking, and targeted interventions, addressing major causes of maternal death and ensuring safer deliveries in the district.
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Internal External Branding
Nudging Through Imagery and Aesthetics - West Sikkim, Sikkim To provide clean, hygienic, and accessible hospitals with a sanitized environment for treatment in accordance with National Health Mission guidelines.
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Impact
The renovation of Health Centres in West Sikkim has improved health indicators by ensuring better facilities, free lab services, regular medicine supply, and increased community awareness about health and nutrition.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 25
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Anaaj Bank Initiative
Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh To address food insecurity among vulnerable villagers through a community-led grain bank managed by women and Self Help Groups.
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Impact
Women of Mohanpura Gram Panchayat collect and donate a fistful of grains every week to support needy families. Around 2 quintals of grains have been collected and distributed to 14 vulnerable families, including widows, landless villagers, impoverished households, and persons with disabilities. The Gram Panchayat also provided an Ajeevika Bhawan office to support the initiative’s activities.
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6 Health and Nutrition Initiatives
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 26
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Project Uddyam
Enhancing the Income of Tribal Households in Talasari The project aims to educate tribal households in Talaseri block on livelihood interventions to enhance income, ensure human development, and improve access to government benefits and programs.
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BC Sakhi and Nagad Sangwari for Pension Payments at
Chhattisgarh To provide doorstep pension delivery to elderly, disabled, and vulnerable beneficiaries through women- led digital fffinancial service providers.
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Impact
The National Academic Depository platform, implemented through DigiLocker, provides verified digital educational certifications with over 41 million certifications issued across various boards.; Foreign universities and the eSanad platform (MEA system) are verifying the data, ensuring authenticity.; 16 States have accepted digital driving licenses and registration certificates, allowing enforcement officers to use…
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11 COVID-19 Response Initiatives
1. SARTHI & SAKHI- Mental Health Helpline The initiative aimed to provide mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic through dedicated helplines: Sarthi for mental health and Sakhi for women's rights and distress calls.
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Impact
Sarthi helpline offered mental health and psychosocial support, with 14 counselors providing online support for over 3,500 cases across all age groups.; Sakhi helpline focused on protecting women's rights, handling 15-20 distress calls daily, and resolving more than 500 cases through confidential and effective counseling.
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12 Sports Excellence Initiatives
1. Achieving Sports Excellence through “Khelo India” Scheme The initiative aims to establish Churu as a hub for sports in Rajasthan, focusing on creating sports facilities at the district, block, and gram panchayat levels. It also promotes rural and tribal games like kabaddi and archery through Khelo India.
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Impact
A mobile app has been developed for hazard communication, providing online and offline notifications, with 649 villages mapped for real-time updates.; Multi-sectoral measures have been implemented, ensuring sustained water availability, environment conservation, and waste management.; Restoration of check dams has helped reduce surface water run-off, increasing groundwater levels.; Women self-help groups have been…
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Impact
The Green-Blue Infrastructure model on the Ema River focuses on using natural systems as part of urban infrastructure. It combines water-body rejuvenation, green corridors, biodiversity protection, flood-risk reduction, and improved public spaces. The initiative helps reduce urban heat-island effects, improves water quality, enhances ecological resilience, and creates healthier recreational spaces for citizens. NITI…
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Impact
The Baster Net Scheme focuses on improving digital connectivity in Bastar, a difficult and under-served region of Chhattisgarh. NITI for States lists “Transforming Connectivity with Baster Net Scheme in Bastar District” under Urbanization best practices. The initiative is important because digital connectivity supports governance delivery, education, healthcare, banking, emergency communication, and citizen access…
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15 Education Sector
Best Practices and Case Studies
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BALA Implementation
All Aspirational Districts, Uttar Pradesh To transform school environments into child-friendly, learning-oriented spaces by utilizing physical infrastructure for educational purposes.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 52
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‘BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO’ Citizen Recognition
Firozpur, Punjab To raise awareness about the importance of girl children, their education, and achieving a balanced sex ratio through public recognition of local girls' and women's achievements.
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Library Campaign
Education for Change - Sitamarhi, Bihar To enhance the imagination of children and prepare them to face the world by establishing model libraries in all schools.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 53
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Project Second Innings
Dahod, Gujarat To increase student attendance and learning outcomes by engaging retired teachers to teach primary and upper primary classes. Impact; The initiative in Dahod has increased the pass percentage of students from 37.35% to 49.18%, while revitalizing the lives of both retired teachers and students.
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Smart Classrooms for Visually Impaired Children
Ranchi, Jharkhand To improve Braille literacy among visually impaired K-12 students using cutting-edge technology, enhancing their learning outcomes and employability.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
Impact; The installation of 20 Braille-teaching devices in Ranchi, Jharkhand, has reinvigorated students' interest in learning Braille, promoting self-learning and potentially increasing the employability of visually impaired individuals.
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Shiksha Saarthi Yojna
Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh To address the shortage of teachers in rural primary schools by appointing local educators, ensuring consistent and quality education. Impact; The initiative in Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, has led to significant improvements in student enrolments, attendance, and proficiency levels across 16 primary schools.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 54
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Teach Gajapati
A Jan Andolan for Quality Education - Gajapati, Odisha To improve the quality of education in schools by engaging alumni and community members as voluntary teachers under the 'Mo School' Abhiyaan.
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Impact
The campaign in Odisha has significantly enhanced educational quality through volunteer participation, fostering a participative and accountable learning environment.
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‘Mera Mobile, Mera Vidyalaya’ Unnayan Banka
Smart Classroom Model - Banka, Bihar To provide quality education for all using modern technologies, ensuring 24/7 access to comprehensive learning materials through various platforms, especially mobile phones. Impact; The initiative has significantly improved learning outcomes from 17% to 54% and achieved attendance rates of over 90% in Banka, Bihar, while being successfully replicated in several other districts…
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Vidyadaan Campaign
Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh To enhance primary education by facilitating weekly interactions between students and intellectuals from various fields, promoting good values and ethics.
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Impact
The initiative in Bahraich, involving over 400 Government Primary Schools, has yielded positive results with volunteers actively participating and students benefiting from the guidance and values imparted by intellectuals.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 55
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Establishing Model Anganwadi Centres
Ramgarh, Jharkhand The scheme aims to improve learning outcomes and health standards by upgrading Anganwadi facilities and incorporating community outreach programs.
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My School
My Pride Initiative - Nashik, Maharashtra To reconnect alumni with their former Zilla Parishad schools and mobilise community support for improving school infrastructure, learning resources, and student motivation.
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Padhe Dantewada, Likhe Dantewada
Dantewada, Chhattisgarh To improve learning outcomes in remote areas by using digital tracking, level-based learning, local- language teaching material, teacher training, and health monitoring of students.
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Impact
The initiative covered more than 38,000 students, 2,493 teachers, and 885 public schools through the Padhe Dantewada mobile application. Over 2,000 teachers were trained in digital literacy. After implementation, students unable to identify letters reduced from 50.3% to 20.08%, while those unable to identify numbers reduced from 41.8% to 22.2%.
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15 Education Sector: Best Practices and Case Studies
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 56
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Viksit Kaushambi Abhiyaan
Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh To increase student attendance and improve education quality by revitalizing school infrastructure, strengthening monitoring, mobilizing community participation, and introducing technology-enabled learning.
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Impact
The initiative improved average school attendance from 54% to 78%. School renovation increased from 109 to 158 schools, showing a 45% improvement. A total of 83 primary schools, 26 upper primary schools, and 51 composite schools were renovated with better toilets, drinking water facilities, classrooms, and other basic infrastructure. 36 schools were equipped with smart classrooms.
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Right to Equality (Article 14-18) Article 14
Equality before Law; The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination; The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.; The state can make special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward…
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Article 21A
Right to Education; The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such a manner as the State may determine.; Provision added by the 86th CAA of 2002.
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Article 24
Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.; No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, mine, or other hazardous employment.
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1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
Related Acts; The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986; Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act 2005.
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1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
Other info; Bachpan Bachao Andolan, started in 1980 by Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi, is India's largest movement advocating for children's rights.
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Right to Freedom of Religion (Article - 25 to 28)
Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion.; State by making law :; can regulate economic,fffinancial,political or secular activities (TTD Act,1932).; provide for social welfare and reform, including opening Hindu institutions to all Hindus (Sabarimala Temple Entry case).
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Article 26
Freedom to manage Religious Affairs.; Religious denominations can establish and maintain institutions, manage religious affairs, and own property.; These rights are subject to public order, morality, health, and adherence to the law.
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Article 28
Freedom as to attendance at Religious Instruction or Religious Worship in certain Educational Institutions
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Cultural and Educational Rights ( Article
29 & 30 ) Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities.; Any citizen group with a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to preserve it.
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Article 30
Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions.; Minorities, based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
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1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
Related; AMU minority status case (2002), S.P. Mittal v. Union of India (1983) Cases; TMA Pai case (2003) : Minority institutions providing formal education under ambit of Government rules and regulation for the same set for private institutions.
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Article 39
Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State; Ensure equal livelihood rights for men and women.; Distribute resources for the common good.; Prevent wealth concentration.; Ensure equal pay for equal work for both men and women; Protect workers' health and prevent child labour.; Provide children with healthy development and protect them from exploitation.
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Article 41
Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases.
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Article 46
Promotion of educational and economic interests; The State shall promote the educational and economic interests of weaker sections and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
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Article 243D Seats shall be reserved in every
(a) the Scheduled Castes (SC), (b) the Scheduled Tribes (ST).; Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes); State Legislatures may also provide reservations for backward classes in Panchayat seats or Chairpersons' offices.
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Article 243T
Reservation of seats.; Not less than one-third of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Municipality, including those reserved for SCs and STs, shall be reserved for women, and these seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies.
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1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
Scheduled and Tribal Areas
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Article 244
Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
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1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
Article 244A; Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam.; Parliament may, by law, form within the State of Assam an autonomous State comprising all or any of the tribal areas and create for that autonomous State:; Provision added by the 22nd CAA 1969.
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U.N. Dhebar Committee, 1960 [Related to Scheduled
Focus Areas Recommendations Representation Tribes Advisory Councils (TACs) to have non-official representation from tribals. Criteria Tribals in the population; Compact and reasonable size; Underdeveloped for Identi ication: nature of the area; and the marked disparity in economic standards of the people Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation Schemes to be part of Project Cost Tribal Tribal Cooperatives to be formed by…
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Bhuria Commission, 2002-2004 [On Socio-Economic,
Communities of India] Focus Areas Recommendations TACs Consult Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) before passing laws, rules, and regulations affecting tribal interests. Fifth Schedule Fully utilize Fifth Schedule for Tribal Sub-Plan development. Women’s Ensure inclusion of a dedicated section for women’s welfare in every Welfare Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) and Integrated Tribal Development Agency…
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Xaxa Committee, 2013 [On Socio-Economic, Health and
Communities] IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 2
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B. G. Kher Committee, 1955
[Fffirst Of icial Language Commission] Focus Areas Recommendations Elementary English should not be collective medium in at All-India level; elementary Education education should be in Indian languages. Linguistic Hindi should be the medium for national communication. Medium Technical Teach in students’ native language otherwise in Hindi if not a single linguistic Institutes group. Public Use Hindi for internal…
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Jaya Jaitley Committee, 2020 [On Women related
Focus Areas Recommendations Marriage Age Raise the legal marriage age to 21 years. Education Improve access for females to schools and universities, including Access transportation from remote areas. Skill Training Provide skill and business training for young women. Sex Education Introduce sex education in schools. Empowerment Measures Prioritize empowerment measures to ensure the law is effective and women are…
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Justice Verma Committee, 2012 [On Sexual Harassment
Focus Recommendations Areas Tribunal Replace Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) with an Employment Tribunal for quicker disposal of complaints, ensuring women’s participation. Domestic Include Domestic Workers under the Protection of Women from Sexual Harassment Workers at Workplace Act. Employer Employers held liable for: 1. Facilitating harassment 2. Allowing misconduct 3. Failing Liability to disclose Company’s…
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Pam Rajput Committee, 2014 [To end violence against
Focus Areas Recommendations National Policy Formulate a National Policy to end violence against women, covering and Action Plan all life stages. Institutional Strengthen institutional mechanisms and elevate Minister for Women Mechanisms and Child Development to cabinet rank. National Commission for Expand NCW’s role in policy in luence; ensure selection process is Women transparent and expert-based. Gender Implement…
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Lakdawala Committee,1993 [On Poverty-related Issues]
Focus Areas Recommendations Consumption Continue calculating consumption expenditure based on calorie consumption. Expenditure State-specific Construct state-specific poverty lines and update them using: Poverty Lines; Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) for urban areas.; Consumer Price Index of Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) for rural areas. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 5 Poverty Discontinue…
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Tendulkar Committee, 2009 [On Poverty Line]
Focus Areas Recommendations Four Major Changes 1. Shift away from calorie-based poverty estimation. 2. Uniform Poverty Line Basket (PLB) across rural/urban India. 3. Improvement in price adjustment procedure. 4. Include private expenditure on health/education in poverty estimation. Mixed Recommend MRP-based estimates over the earlier Uniform Reference Reference Period Period (URP)- based estimates for poverty…
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The Rangarajan Committee, 2012 [Rede ining Poverty
Focus Areas Recommendations Poverty Line Rs 32 in rural areas, Rs 47 in urban areas. Estimation Based on a large survey by CMIE (Center for Monitoring the Indian Economy). Basis Methodology A household is considered poor if it cannot save; includes norms for nourishment, clothing, house rent, etc. Nourishment Uses ICMR norms for calories, protein, and fats based on age and gender. Calculation Poverty 19% more poor…
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Standing Committee Report on Smart Cities
The Standing Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs, chaired by Mr. Rajiv Ranjan, submitted its report on the Smart Cities Mission (SCM). The SCM, launched in 2015, aims to provide modern infrastructure and create a clean and sustainable environment for citizens. Key indings and recommendations of the Committee:; Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs): SPVs face CEO turnover and unclear guidelines. Recommend ixed-tenure…
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The Sachar Committee, 2005 [On Social, Economic,
Community] Focus Areas Recommendations Status Highlighted disparities in opportunities and access for Muslims regarding socio-economic and educational status. Institutional 1. Establish Equal Opportunity Commission. 2. Create National Data and Administrative Bank (NDB) for socio-religious data. Reforms Legal and Set up a legal framework for discrimination complaints in Policy Interventions employment, housing…
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Bhore Committee, 1943 [On Health Care System and
Focus Areas Recommendations Health Emphasized integration of preventive and curative health services at all Services administrative levels. Three-Tier Recommended Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Secondary Health System Centers, and District Hospitals. Rural Health Services Focus on improving health services in rural areas, which are underserved compared to urban areas. Maternal and Child Highlighted the need for…
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J. Satyanarayana Committee, 2019 [On Implementation
Stack] Focus Areas Recommendations NDHB Developed a National Digital Health Blueprint for a comprehensive framework for digital health implementation, aligned with National Health Policy, 2017. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 8 Unified Develop a platform for seamless exchange of health information among Health Interface patients, providers, and insurers. Unique Health ID Introduce a unique Health ID for each…
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Standing Committee Report on National Ayush
The Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare, chaired by Mr. Bhubaneswar Kalita, submitted its report on the Review of National Ayush Mission on February 9, 2024. 1. Fund Utilisation; Key Issue: In the ffinancial year 2022-23, only 85% of the allocated funds were utilized.; Recommendation: The Ministry of Ayush should implement measures to ensure 100% fund utilisation and address bottlenecks in ffinancial…