Industry and Infrastructure

Sectoral Contribution And Growth; Industry/secondary sector contributed about 25.3% to India’s nominal GVA in FY 2025–26.; The sector grew at 6.2%, with manufacturing and construction each estimated to grow at 7.0%.; Manufacturing employed 12.1% and construction 12.0% of workers in 2025, together accounting for about 24.1% of the workforce, excluding utilities.
Industry and Infrastructure

Manufacturing And Industrial Output; India is among the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world.; The manufacturing sector employed 6.24 crore workers in 2019–20.; Industrial output recorded a strong post-Covid recovery, growing over 35% in FY 2021–22.; India is the 2nd largest mobile phone manufacturer globally.; India is the 3rd largest startup ecosystem in the world.
Industry and Infrastructure

Investment Trends And Private Sector Role; The private sector accounted for 69% of total proposed investments in FY 2023–24.; This is a sharp increase from 49% in FY 2020 and 30% in FY 2017–18, indicating greater private sector confidence. Msme Sector Performance; Over 4.77 crore MSMEs are registered under the Udyam portal.; MSMEs provide employment to around 20.5 crore people.; Contribute around 35% to total…
Industry and Infrastructure

Electronics Manufacturing; The electronics market expanded from US$ 10 billion in 2014 to US$ 75 billion in 2022.; 97% of mobile devices sold in India are now manufactured domestically (up from 8% in 2014).; The electronics sector received 66% of the total FDI in manufacturing over the last three years. INFRASTRUCTURE AND POLICY INITIATIVES: PM Gati Shakti, National Logistics Policy, Production Linked Incentive…
Committees And Commissions Bimal Jalan Committee

fiscal and monetary policy.; Kirit Parikh Committee – pricing and energy reforms.; Baba Kalyani Committee – SEZ reform.; Subhash Chandra Committee – industrial development.; Kelkar Committee – PPP model reform.

3.16 Roadways

Overview Total road length

66.71 lakh km (2nd largest in the world).; National Highways (NH): 1.46 lakh km; Covers only 2.2% of total roads; Carries over 40% of road traffic
State Highways

1.79 lakh km; Other Roads: 63.45 lakh km Growth and Expansion; NH network expanded by 60% from 2014 to 2024.; New expressways allow high-speed (up to 120 km/h) travel.; Projects like Delhi–Mumbai Expressway and Eastern Peripheral Expressway completed.
Roadways

Investment and Initiatives; ₹275 lakh crore allocated for the road sector under National Infrastructure Pipeline (2019–25).; Record highway spending in 2023–24 (~₹2 lakh crore).; Key reasons for delays: land acquisition, environmental clearance, and contractor issues.
Transport Share Goods transport

64.5% by road.; Passenger movement: 90% by road.
Roadways

Safety and Emissions; Around 1.73 lakh deaths due to road accidents (~474 deaths per day).; Speeding causes over 60% of road fatalities.; Goal for 2030: reduce traffic deaths by 50%.; Transport sector contributes 13% of India’s carbon emissions.
Major Schemes Bharatmala Pariyojana

National highway development and economic corridors.; PM Gram Sadak Yojana: Rural road connectivity.; Golden Quadrilateral: Links Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.; North-South and East-West Corridors: Strategic highway links.
Roadways

Institutional Framework; Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH); National Highways Authority of India (NHAI); Border Roads Organisation (BRO)

3.17 Railways

Network & Electrification Total route length

~68,584 km (4th largest globally under single management).; Electrified route: ~68,952 km (covers ~99% of the broad-gauge network).
Freight & Traffic Freight loading in FY 2023–24

1,591 million tonnes (highest ever).; Goal: Increase rail share in freight movement from 27% to 45% by 2030.; Target freight load: From 1.2 billion tonnes to 3.3 billion tonnes by 2030.
Capital Expenditure & Revenue FY 2024–25 Capex

₹2.62 lakh crore (77% rise over earlier years).; Previous Capex (FY 2019–23): ₹2.5 lakh crore.
FY 2023–24 revenue surplus

₹3,260 crore.; Workforce: ~1.25 million employees.
Railways

Major Projects & Modernisation; Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail (Bullet Train) under implementation.; 136 Vande Bharat semi-high-speed trains deployed.; Dedicated Freight Corridors operational, running ~240 trains daily.; KAVACH anti-collision system deployed on priority routes.; Amrit Bharat Station Scheme: Upgradation of over 1,000 stations.; Kisan Rail trains operate for transport of farm produce.; Bio-toilets…
Railways

Digital & Safety Initiatives; Online platforms include UTS App, Rail MADAD, and Rail SAARTHI.; Modern signalling using interlocking and automation expanded.; Exploration of hyperloop technology and AI-based station surveillance.
Railways

Green Goals; Target to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2030.; Electrification of the entire broad-gauge network nearing completion.; Push for electric vehicle integration in station-area transport.

3.18 Aviation

Aviation

Key Facts; India is the third-largest domestic aviation market in the world, after the USA and China.; The MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) market stands at USD 900 million, projected to reach USD 4.33 billion by 2025.; Growth rate: Estimated 14–15% CAGR.
Aviation

Infrastructure; Number of airports increased from 74 in 2014 to 148 by April 2023.; 66 airports are operating on 100% green energy.
Aviation

Passenger Traffic; From January to September 2023, domestic airlines carried 112.86 million passengers.; This represents a 29.10% increase over the same period in 2022.
Aviation

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi); FDI in aviation sector reached USD 3.73 billion (2000–2022).
Aviation

Global Ranking; As per ICAO rankings, India improved from 102nd position in 2018 to 48th position in aviation safety.
Key Schemes and Initiatives UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam

Promotes regional air connectivity by making air travel affordable.; National Civil Aviation Policy (2016): Focuses on safety, regional connectivity, and MRO services.; GST Reform: GST on domestic MRO services was reduced from 18% to 5%.; Open Sky Agreement: Allows increased international connectivity.; Digi Yatra: Facilitates paperless and seamless air travel.

3.19 Ports and Waterways

Key Data Coastline

7,516.6 km; Ports: Major Ports-12 and Minor Ports: ~200; Traffic Share: Major Ports: 57% and Minor Ports: 43%; Trade via Maritime Transport: 95% by volume and 68% by value
Inland Waterways Navigable Waterways

~14,850 km; National Waterways (NWs): Total: 111 (declared under National Waterways Act, 2016); Cargo Movement (FY22):; 108.8 million tonnes (highest ever); Growth: 30.1% over previous year; Modal Share: Waterways contribute just 2% to the national transport mix (underutilized)
Constitutional And Legal Provisions Entry 24,

Port development under central jurisdiction; Acts: Indian Ports Act, 1908, Major Ports Trust Act, 1963, National Waterways Act, 2016
Major Government Schemes / Initiatives Sagarmala

Port-led development; Maritime India Vision 2030: Modernization and global competitiveness; Jal Marg Vikas Project: Enhancing capacity of National Waterway-1; PM Gati Shakti: Integrated infrastructure and connectivity; Eastern & Western Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs); Riverine Development Fund & Eastern Waterways Connectivity; Promotion of Coastal and Inland Water Transport
Ports and Waterways

3.20. Logistics
Ports and Waterways

Logistics Cost & Sector Size; Logistics cost in India is estimated at 7.97% of GDP in FY 2023–24, as per the DPIIT-NCAER assessment.; The logistics sector was valued at USD 215 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow at 10.7% CAGR till 2026.
Ports and Waterways

Modal Share In Freight; 65% of India’s freight is transported by road, indicating an overdependence on one mode. Railways, waterways and air freight remain underutilized. Key Government Initiatives; PM Gati Shakti: Multimodal infrastructure coordination.; Bharatmala: Highway and corridor development.; Sagarmala: Port-led development.; Parvatmala: Ropeway connectivity in hilly areas.; UDAN: Regional air…
Ports and Waterways

Policy Goals and Targets; Reduce logistics cost to 9% by 2025 and 8% by 2030.; Improve Logistics Performance Index ranking (currently 38th globally).; Build a tech-enabled, data-driven logistics ecosystem.
Ports and Waterways

State-Level Performance; Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) Index tracks state-wise performance.; Uttar Pradesh ranked highest in the latest LEADS index.

1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

1. Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 1
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 2
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

3. National Population Policy, 2000
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 3
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 4
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 5
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 6
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

6. Transformation of Aspirational Districts Programme (TADP)
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 7
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GS3 Economic Development,; The programme can be cited to showcase how Infrastructure, Social technology is used for real-time tracking and Infrastructure, and Technology data-driven decision-making. in Governance; Relevant for Highlighting effectiveness of economic development through local strengths and inter-agency collaboration.

49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Overview Collaborating Bodies

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology (DST).; Aim: Establish a cutting-edge supercomputing(PARAM Series) infrastructure in India to bolster research, computational power, and innovation across diverse sectors.; Key Implementing Agencies:; Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC); Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
Smart Cities and Approach

infrastructure; Create frameworks for ethical AI development; Transportation.; Promote fair use of AI; Prevent discriminatory practices
Roadmap for India’s AI Future Execution

Success depends on adapting to technological changes, mitigating risks, and upholding fairness and transparency principles in AI development
Green Hydrogen Mission Objectives 1. Green Hydrogen

Produce at least 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030. 2. Renewable Energy Capacity: Develop 125 GW of additional renewable energy capacity, directly linked to green hydrogen production. 3. Fossil Fuel Substitution: Reduce India’s dependence on fossil fuel imports and lower greenhouse gas emissions. 4. Export Hub: Position India as a net exporter of green hydrogen and its derivatives.
Key Features 1. Comprehensive Support

The mission covers the entire green hydrogen value chain, including the manufacturing of electrolysers and production of hydrogen. 2. Incentives for Domestic Production: Programs like SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition) will stimulate domestic technology and infrastructure development. 3. Hydrogen Hubs: Identi ication of designated Green Hydrogen Hubs for large-scale production and…
Key Features

Eight National Missions The NAPCC includes eight strategic missions focused on different areas of climate action. 1. National Solar Mission; Objective: Promote solar energy as a sustainable power source.; Target: Achieve 100 GW solar power capacity by 2022 (originally 20 GW). 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Ef iciency (NMEEE); Objective: Boost energy ef iciency across sectors.; Focus: Implement policies and…
Additional Information Interest Subvention

2% for prompt repayment of Shishu loans for 12 months (under Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan).; Credit Guarantee Fund: Established to provide guarantees for micro unit loans up to ₹10 lakh, overdrafts under PMJDY, and SHG portfolios.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Welfare Schemes, Livelihood Use in isheries sector governance, doubling Support for Vulnerable Groups ishers’ income, and rural livelihood support
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Sustainable For showcasing government’s push towards green Development, Climate mobility and reducing carbon emissions in transport Action sector
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Infrastructure, Sustainable For discussions on EV adoption, infrastructure Transport, Innovation development, and innovation in clean energy transport
Objectives Accelerate EV Adoption

Facilitate faster adoption of electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three- wheelers (e-3W) to boost green mobility.; Enhance EV Manufacturing Ecosystem: Support the development of a robust electric vehicle manufacturing infrastructure in India.; Promote Affordable Transportation: Provide affordable and eco-friendly public transportation options for commercial and private use.
Background Launch

on June 1, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.; Implemented by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.; Purpose: To support street vendors through micro-credit, fostering entrepreneurship and providing ffinancial support during challenging times.; Funding: Total loans disbursed: ₹9,152 crore as of October 26, 2023.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Infrastructure, Economic Relevant for highlighting the role of affordable housing Growth, Inclusive in inclusive growth and rural-urban development Development
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Rural Use to demonstrate decentralized governance, Development, Welfare community participation, and rural water supply Schemes initiatives GS3 Infrastructure, Water Relevant for discussing universal water access, rural Resources, Inclusive infrastructure development, and sustainable resource Development management
Salient Features Implementation Strategy

A collaborative effort between the Government of India and State/UT Governments. States are responsible for planning, execution, and ongoing maintenance, with technical and ffinancial support provided by the Centre.

Facts & figures

Key Features

Aim: To facilitate integrated planning, investigation, and development of water resources at the river basin level, including both surface water and groundwater systems.; Approach: It emphasizes integrated planning and development of water resources to ensure optimal utilization; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti.; Geographical Scope and Priority Areas: The RBM Scheme primarily focuses on strategically…
GS3 MSMEs, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for

GS3 MSMEs, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for highlighting the development of micro and Infrastructure small enterprises and their role in inclusive growth
Overview

The MSE-CDP and SFURTI schemes, under the Ministry of MSME, focus on improving the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) through cluster-based development.; These demand-driven schemes help MSMEs collaborate and strengthen their infrastructure, boosting overall industry growth.
Objective Enhance Competitiveness

Improve the productivity and market position of MSMEs.; Cluster-Based Approach: Encourage collaboration among enterprises for shared benefits like infrastructure and marketing.
Key Features Fffinancial Support

Common Facility Centers (CFCs): 60-70% of project costs are funded by the government.; Infrastructure Development (ID) Projects: 50-60% of the cost is borne by the government.; No Cap on Project Cost: However, central assistance has an upper funding limit.; SPV Structure: Entrepreneurs form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to avail of the benefits, ensuring coordinated cluster growth.
Impact Maharashtra's Achievements

30 CFC projects approved and 14 completed.; 27 SFURTI clusters approved, with 16 operational.; Boosting Economic Growth: The schemes improve infrastructure, foster collaboration, and enhance market competitiveness, contributing significantly to the economic growth of MSEs and traditional industries.
Sagarmala Programme

46. Sagarmala Programme
GS3 Infrastructure, Transport, Relevant for

GS3 Infrastructure, Transport, Relevant for highlighting port connectivity, harnessing Regional Development waterways, and boosting trade and economic development
Objective Port-Led Development

Enhance the productivity and connectivity of India’s ports to support economic growth.; Harnessing Coastline: Utilise India’s 7,500 km coastline and 14,500 km of navigable waterways for trade.
Technology and Innovation

National Technology Centre for Ports, Waterways and Coasts (NTPC): Established at IIT Chennai to develop solutions for the maritime sector.; Mandate: To develop cutting-edge technologies and application products to provide solutions to various challenges faced by the Ports and Shipping Sector.; Comprehensive Port Connectivity Plan (CPCP):; 107 road and rail connectivity projects identified to improve port…
Bharatmala Pariyojana

47. Bharatmala Pariyojana
GS2 Governance, Infrastructure Use to demonstrate

GS2 Governance, Infrastructure Use to demonstrate the role of road infrastructure Development, Economic development in enhancing connectivity and Growth economic growth
Objective Optimising Ef iciency

Improve the movement of goods and people by enhancing road infrastructure across India, thus fostering economic integration and regional development.
Salient Features Comprehensive Road Network

Focus on creating a well-connected highway network that integrates economic centres, ports, and border areas.
Key Components

Fffinancial Support: Primarily funded by the Central Government with additional resources mobilized by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways.; Safety Measures:; Road safety audits for 32,971 km completed by FY20, with an additional 40,000 km targeted by FY24.; 5,785 blackspots identified and rectified to reduce accidents.; Innovative Features: Solar-powered expressways introduced on the Eastern Peripheral…
Impact of the Bharatmala Pariyojna Travel Time

High-speed corridors reduce travel time by 40-50% between major economic hubs.; Economic Growth: Enhanced connectivity facilitates trade and economic activities by linking production and consumption centres.; Environmental Bene its: Green ield expressways help in reducing congestion and promote more efficient fuel usage, contributing to lower emissions.; Regional Development: Improves connectivity in remote and…
Salient Features Network Planning Group (NPG)

Evaluates projects over ₹500 crore for holistic assessments.; Inter-Ministerial Integration: Reduces logistic costs by coordinating infrastructure efforts across sectors.; Spatial Planning Tools: Utilizes ISRO imagery and GIS-based tools from BiSAG-N for better project visualization and tracking.; Cross-Sectoral Coverage: Integrates initiatives like Bharatmala, Sagarmala, UDAN, and economic zones.; Technology…

7 Fffinancial Inclusion Initiatives

7 Fffinancial Inclusion Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 27
Bank Credit Facilitation Scheme

Simplifying Access to Finance - Pan-India To improve access to formal credit for MSMEs by simplifying bank-credit facilitation and reducing procedural barriers in loan access.
7 Fffinancial Inclusion Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 28

8 Energy Conservation Initiatives

8 Energy Conservation Initiatives

1. Telangana State Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) The initiative focuses on the effective implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by the State government of Telangana to promote energy efficiency in commercial buildings.

Facts & figures

A Success Story The objective is to promote the use

A Success Story The objective is to promote the use of ethanol produced from sugarcane as a cleaner, more sustainable fuel blended with petrol, thereby reducing India's dependency on imported fossil fuels and supporting the sugar industry.
Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

Real-world Examples: These case studies provide real-world applications that demonstrate practical solutions to social, economic, and environmental issues.; Current Affairs Relevance: They reflect recent initiatives and policies, helping candidates stay up-to-date with current developments.; Policy Linkages: Always connect these initiatives to broader government policies and socio- economic objectives to strengthen…

12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

Impact

Churu has become a sports nursery, with significant improvements in sports facilities and achievements by its athletes.; Athletes can stay on-site and remain in constant contact with their coaches.; Sports have been instrumental in addressing societal issues such as substance abuse.; Churu has emerged as a recruitment hub for the armed forces, with each village sending multiple youths annually.; The district has…
ICT for Excellence in Sports

Madhya Pradesh To improve athlete performance, injury prevention, and sports management by using ICT tools for scientific training, performance monitoring, and data-based decision-making.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 45
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

Link it to injury prevention, talent identification, sports academies, and Olympic preparedness.; Mention it in answers on sports excellence, use of technology in public service delivery, and investment in human capital.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

3. Fit Hai To Hit Hai India / K11 School of Fitness Sciences - Pan-India To convert fitness and sports-related skills into formal employment by providing vocational training in personal training, exercise science, and sports nutrition.
Impact

K11 School of Fitness Sciences offers specialised training in Personal Training and Sports Nutrition under NSDC’s market-led skilling model. Since becoming an NSDC-funded partner in 2016, it trained 9,587 candidates and placed 5,557 candidates, including 37 international placements. The initiative helped create skilled fitness professionals and promoted sports and fitness as a viable career pathway.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 46

Facts & figures

Green-Blue Infrastructure on Ema River

Urban Infrastructure Initiative To build climate-resilient urban infrastructure by integrating riverfront development, green spaces, water management, biodiversity conservation, and public-use urban spaces.
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 50
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 51

1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Union and its Territory
Article 1

Name and Territory of the Union Article 3: Formation of New States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
Article 5

Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. Related Acts; Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Fundamental Rights
Article 13

Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights; Existing laws that conflict with Fundamental Rights are void to that extent.; The State cannot enact laws that infringe upon the Fundamental Rights and such laws will be void.; This does not apply to constitutional amendments under Article 368
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951),; Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967); Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 1
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Indra Sawhney (1992); M. Nagraj v. Union of India (2006)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 77th (1995), 81st (2000), 85th (2001) and 103rd (2019) .
Article 17

Abolition of Untouchability; Article 17 abolishes "untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form, making any disability arising from it illegal and punishable.; Supreme Court ruled that Article 17 applies against private individuals
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; People's Union for Democratic Rights case(1982)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 77th (1995), 81st (2000), 85th (2001) and 103rd (2019).
Right to Freedom (Article 19-22) Article 19

Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession etc.; Reasonable Restrictions:; Sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offence.; General public interest or protection of Scheduled Tribes, etc.
Related Cases Imran Pratapgadhi Case

Speech causing discomfort or offence remains protected unless it violates Article 19(2) restrictions.; Kaushal Kishore v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2023): Clarified that Article 19(2) grounds are exhaustive.; Romesh Thappar v. The State Of Madras (1950); Brajesh Singh vs. Sunil Arora (2021); Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) : Right to Internet; Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) : Vishakha guidelines
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Right to Information Act, 2005
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 1st CAA 1951, 16th CAA 1963, 44th CAA 1978.
Article 20

Protection in respect of conviction for offences; No Ex Post Facto Law; No Double Jeopardy; No Self-incrimination
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay (1950)
Article 21

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty.; No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.; Articles 20 and 21 could not be suspended during a national emergency( 44th CAA); Article 359 - Suspension of the enforcement of fundamental rights during Emergencies
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 2
Article 22

Protection against Arrest and Detention in certain cases; Preventive detention beyond three months requires Advisory Board approval, unless otherwise legislated by Parliament.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Ankul Chandra Pradhan case (1997); Ameena Begum case (2023)
Right against Exploitation ( Article - 23 & 24 )

Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour; Traffic in human beings, begar, and similar forms of forced labour are prohibited. Any violation is punishable by law.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Sanjit Roy v. The State of Rajasthan (1983)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Equal Remuneration Act 1976; the Minimum Wages Act 1948.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; MC Mehta vs State of Tamil Nadu (1996).
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 3
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; TMA Pai Foundation v. The State of Karnataka (2003); N. Adithayan v. Travancore Devaswom Board (2002)
Article 27

Freedom as to Payment of Taxes for the promotion of any particular Religion.; This provision prohibits only the levy of a tax, not a fee. Therefore, a fee can be charged to pilgrims for special services or safety measures.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Sri Jagannath v. The State of Orissa (1954).
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related; Animal Welfare Board v. Union of India (2014) (Jallikattu case). Cases
Article 32

Constitutional Remedies for Enforcement of Fundamental Rights; This right provides for the Judicial Review.; Dr. Ambedkar : An Article without which this constitution would be a nullity. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; ADM Jabalpur case (1976); Bharati Reddy v. The State Of Karnataka (2018).
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Power of Parliament to modify the Fundamental Rights in their application to Forces, etc.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 4
Article 38

State to secure a social order for the promotion of the Welfare of the People.; by ensuring a just social order.; by minimising inequalities among individuals and also region-wise.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 44th CAA 1978
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; State of Karnataka vs Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977); Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs Bharat Coking Coal (1983).
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; The Minimum Wages Act 1948; The Payment Of Wages Act 1936; The Maternity Benefit Act 1961.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 42nd CAA
Article 39A

Equal justice and free legal aid; The State shall ensure that the legal system promotes justice based on equal opportunity and provides free legal aid to prevent denial of justice due to economic or other disabilities.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979).
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987.
Article 40

Organisation of Village Panchayats; The State shall organise village panchayats and grant them the necessary powers to function as units of self-government.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 73rd and 74th CAA,1992.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme; Annapurna scheme; Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme.
Article 43

Living wage, etc. for workers
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 5
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

The State shall ensure a living wage, decent work conditions, and access to leisure and cultural opportunities for all workers, and promote cottage industries in rural areas.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; MGNREGA
Article 43B

Promotion of co-operative societies.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; The Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; Added by 42nd CAA
Article 44

Uniform civil code for the citizens.; The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955); Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
Related Cases Champakaran Dorairajan (1951)

this led to 1st CAA and addressed the country's reservation programme.
Article 48A

Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972,; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Article 50

Separation of the judiciary from the executive
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; The Criminal Procedure Code 1973.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Fundamental Duties
Article-51A

Fundamental Duties of Citizens
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976; 86th CAA 2002
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971; Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Shri Rangnath Mishra v. Union of India (2003); AIIMS Students Union v. AIIMS (2001)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 6
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

President and Vice-President
Article 52

There shall be a President of India
Article 53

Executive power of the Union Shall be vested in the President
Article 61

Procedure for impeachment of the President.; The President can be impeached by either House of Parliament for violating the Constitution.
Article 63

There shall be a Vice-President of India
Article 64

The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States(Rajya Sabha).
Article 66

Election of Vice-President (by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament) ; Also gives eligibility criteria for the Vice President.
Article 67

Term of office of Vice-President (The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office).
Article 68

Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.; An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of Vice-President shall be completed before the expiration of the term.
Article 72

The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, remissions, or commute sentences for:; Punishments by Court Martial.; Offences against Union executive power laws.; Death sentences.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Union Ministers and Attorney General
Article 74

Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.; The advice given by Ministers to the President shall not be questioned in any court
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Amendments; 42nd CAA, 44th CAA.
Article 76

Attorney-General for India; It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters.
Article 79

Constitution of Parliament.; There shall be a Parliament for the Union consisting of the President and two Houses: the Council of States and the House of the People.
Article 82

Readjustment after each census.; Upon each census, the allocation of seats and division of constituencies in the House of the People shall be readjusted by such authority and manner as determined by Parliament by law.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 7
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 84th CAA 2001, 87th CAA 2003
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Related Acts; The Delimitation Commission Act 1952, 1963, 1973, 2002
Article 87

Special address by the President. (At the commencement of the fffirst session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the fffirst session of each year).
Article 89

The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States; The Vice-President of India is the ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
Article 91

Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of or to act as the Chairman; If the Chairman's office is vacant or the Vice-President is acting as President, the Deputy Chairman performs the duties.
Article 93

The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Kihoto Hollohan (1992); Manipur Legislative Assembly case (2020).
Article 95

Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
Article 96

The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
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Related cases; Nabam Rebia case (2016)-a speaker will be disabled from deciding disqualification petitions under the anti-defection law if a notice for their removal is pending.
Article 102

Disqualifications for membership
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Amendments; 52nd CAA 1985
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Related Acts; The Representation of the People Act, 1951
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013); Krishnamurthy v. Sivakumar & Ors (2015)
Article 103

Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members; Any question regarding the disqualification of a member of either House under Article 102(1) shall be referred to the President, whose decision shall be final.; The President shall obtain and act according to the opinion of the Election Commission.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978.
Article 105

Powers, privileges of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; P V Narasimha Rao v State Case (1998); State of Kerala Vs. K. Ajith Case 2021
Article 108

Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 8
Article 109

Special procedure in respect of Money Mills.
Article 110

Definition of “Money Bills”; The Speaker of the House of the People decides if a Bill is a Money Bill, and the decision is final.
Related cases KS Puttaswamy v Union of India(2017)

SC held Aadhaar Act as money bill.
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Related Acts; Aadhaar Act 2016
Article 111

Outlines the procedure for the President's assent to Bills passed by the Parliament. It specifies that a Bill must be presented to the President after being passed by both Houses of Parliament.; The President has the power to grant assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill (if it is not a Money Bill) to the Parliament for reconsideration.
Article 112

Annual Fffinancial Statement; The President shall cause to be laid before both Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for each fffinancial year.
Article 118

Rules of procedure; Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating its procedure and the conduct of its business, subject to the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 121

Restriction on discussion in Parliament.; Parliament shall not discuss the conduct of any Supreme Court or High Court Judge in the discharge of duties.
Article 122

Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament; The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be questioned on the ground of any alleged procedural irregularity
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Related Cases; Indira Nehru Gandhi v Raj Narain (1975); Satish Chandra v Speaker, Lok Sabha (2013)
Article 123

Power of the President to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of Parliament
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Related Cases; R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970),; A.K. Roy v. Union of India (1982); D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987).
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Supreme Court
Article 124

Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court; The Supreme Court of India shall consist of a Chief Justice and up to seven other Judges, unless Parliament by law prescribes a larger number.; Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for presenting such an address and for investigating and proving the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge.
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Related Cases; Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 9
Article 129

Supreme Court to be a court of record; The Supreme Court shall be a court of record.; It shall have all the powers of a court of record, including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
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Related Cases; P.N. Duda v. V P Shiv Shankar & Others (1988).
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Related Acts; The Contempt of Courts Act (1971)
Article 130

Seat of Supreme Court. (The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, appoint).
Article 131

Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court; The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in disputes:; Between the Government of India and one or more States.; Between the Government of India and any State(s) on one side and one or more other States on the other.; Between two or more States.; This jurisdiction covers disputes involving questions of law or fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.
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Related Cases; State of Madhya Pradesh vs Union of India (2011); State of Jharkhand Vs State of Bihar (2015); Kerala Citizenship Amendment Act Suit (2019)
Article 136

Special Leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
Article 137

Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.; The Supreme Court shall have the power to review its own judgments or orders, subject to any laws made by Parliament or rules.
Article 139

Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain Writs.; Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court the power to issue directions, orders, or writs, for purposes other than those mentioned in Article 32(2).
Article 141

The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.
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Related Cases; State of U.P v. Synthesis & Chemicals Ltd. (1991); Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (2021)
Article 142

Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court; The Supreme Court may issue orders and decrees for complete justice in any case, enforceable throughout India as prescribed by law or Presidential order.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related acts; Supreme Court (Decrees and Orders) Enforcement Order, 1954
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case (1991); State of Karnataka vs Umadevi (2006); Chandigarh Mayor’s Election case (2024)
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 10
Article 143

Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.; The President may refer to the Supreme Court any question of law or fact that has arisen or is likely to arise, which is of such public importance.
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Related cases; Jammu and Kashmir Resettlement Act in 1982; Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal in 1992; Ram Janma Bhumi case in 1993
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Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Article 148

Comptroller and Auditor General of India; There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of India who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal; Removal: from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Article 153

There shall be a Governor for each State. Article 154: Executive power of the state shall be vested in the Governor.; This article does not prevent Parliament or the State Legislature from conferring functions on any authority subordinate to the Governor by law. Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.; Recently the Madras High Court ruled…
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State Ministers and Advocate General
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Article 163; Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor.; Except where the Constitution requires him to act in his discretion.; The Governor's decision on whether a matter falls within his discretionary powers shall be final.
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Related cases; S.R. Bommai case (1994); Nabam Rebia judgement (2016).
Article 165

Advocate-General for the State.; The Advocate-General shall advise the State Government on legal matters, perform duties of a legal nature as assigned by the Governor.
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State Legislature
Article 168

Constitution of Legislature in state; The Legislature shall consist of the Governor and two Houses in states which have legislative councils .; In other States, the Legislature shall consist of the Governor and one House.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 11
Article 169

Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.; Parliament may by law abolish or create a Legislative Council in a State if the Legislative Assembly passes a resolution. Article 176: Special address by the Governor. (At the commencement of the fffirst session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the fffirst session of each year). Article 178: The Speaker and…
Article 191

Disqualifications for membership Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members; Governor decides and his decision shall be final.; The Governor must seek and follow the Election Commission's opinion before deciding.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related cases; DD Thaisii Vs Election Commission of India (2021). Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures. Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related cases; N. Ravi v Speaker, Legislative Assembly (2003). Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. Article 200; The Governor shall give assent, withhold assent, or reserve it…
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; The State of Tamil Nadu v Governor of Tamil Nadu (2023). Article 201: Bills reserved for consideration; When a Bill is reserved by the Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall either assent to the Bill or withhold assent. Article 202: Annual fffinancial statement.; The Governor shall cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State, a statement of…
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Related cases; D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987).
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 12
Article 214

There shall be a High Court for each State.
Article 215

High Courts to be courts of record.
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Related acts; Contempt of Courts Act 1971.
Article 226

Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 43rd CAA 1977, 44th CAA 1978
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. The Union of India (1984); Common Cause v. Union of India (2018).
Article 227

Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court; Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 42 CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Kirti v. Renu Anand & Ors. 2023.
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Subordinate Courts
Article 233

Appointment of district judges.; Appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
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Related cases; State of Assam v. Ranga Muhammad (1966)
Article 234

Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
Article 235

Control over subordinate courts shall be vested in the High Court.
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Union Territories
Article 239

Administration of Union Territories; UTs shall be administered by the President acting through an administrator appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 7th CAA 1956 Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 239A; Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories; Provision added by the 14th CAA 1962
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Related Acts; The Government of Union Territories Act 1963; Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 13
Article 239AA

Special provisions with respect to Delhi.; The Legislative Assembly shall have power to make laws on matters in the State List or Concurrent List, except those in Entries 1, 2, and 18 of the State List and related entries.; Parliament retains the power to make laws for the Union territory.; Provision added by the 69th CAA 1991.
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Related Acts; GNCTD Act, 2021
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017).
Article 239B

Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.; If the Legislature of the UT of Puducherry is not in session, the administrator may promulgate Ordinances with the President's instructions.; Provision added by the 27th CAA 1971
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Amendments; 38th CAA 1975, 44th CAA 1978.
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Related cases; Puducherry Lieutenant Governor case (2019).
Article 240

Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories. (Including Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Lakshadweep; Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu; Puducherry;); Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for the Union territory of Puducherry , the President shall not make any regulation.
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Panchayats (Part Added by 73rd CAA 1992)
Article 243A

A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 7th CAA 1956
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017)
Article 243B

Constitution of Panchayats; Every State shall constitute Panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels,
Article 243H

Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
Article 243I

The Governor shall constitute a Finance Commission every fifth year to review the fffinancial position of the Panchayats and make recommendations to the Governor.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 14
Article 243K

Elections to the Panchayats.; The superintendence, direction, and control of all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election Commission.; The State Election Commission shall have a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.
Article 243L

Application to Union territories.; The President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any UT or part thereof, subject to such exceptions and modifications as specified in the notification.
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Municipalities (Part Added by 74th CAA 1992)
Article 243Q

Constitution of Municipalities.; Every State shall constitute a : (a) A Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area, (b) A Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; (c) A Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area.
Article 243X

Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
Article 243Y

Finance Commission.; The Finance Commission constituted under Article 243-I shall also review the fffinancial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor
Article 243ZB

Application to Union territories.; The President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any UT or part thereof, subject to such exceptions and modifications as specified in the notification.
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Cooperative Societies (Part Added by 97th CAA 2011)
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Article 243ZI; Incorporation of co-operative societies.; The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies.
Related cases Union of India v. Rajendra N. Shah

Partially struck down 97th CAA
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Amendments; 7th CAA 1956.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 15
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Centre-State Legislative Relations
Article 245

Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.; No law made by Parliament to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra-territorial operation.; The Doctrine of Territorial Nexus states that the laws made by a State Legislature are not applicable outside the State, except when there is a sufficient nexus between the state and the object. Related cases; A.H. Wadia v. Income Tax…
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 246A; Special provision with respect to goods and services tax; Parliament has exclusive power over inter State trade or commerce.; Provision added by the 101st CAA 2016.
Article 248

Residuary powers of legislation.; Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. Article 249: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. Article 250: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.…
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Centre-State Administrative Relations
Article 258

Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
Article 258A

Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 16
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Centre-State Fffinancial Relations
Article 262

Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers.; Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute in any inter-State river or river valley.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related acts; River Boards Act 1956,; Inter state River Water Disputes Act 1956
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Cauvery Dispute.
Article 263

Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.; The President may, by order, establish such a Council, and define its duties, organisation, and procedure.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits
Article 266

Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. Article 267: Contingency Fund of India. Article 270: Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.; The 16th Finance Commission under the chairmanship of Dr. Arvind Panagariya has submitted its report for the period of 2026-31. The Central government has accepted its recommendations with respect to devolution of funds from Centre to…
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Pradeep Goyal versus Union of India & Ors. (2022) Article 280: Finance Commission.; The President shall, at the expiration of every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President considers necessary, by order constitute a Finance Commission . Amendments; 73rd CAA 1993, 74th CAA 1993. Article 281: Recommendations of the Finance Commission.; The President shall cause every recommendation made by…
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 17
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Right to Property
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 300A; Persons not to be deprived of Property save by authority of law.; Provision added by 44th CAA 1978.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; Kolkata Municipal Corporation case (2024).
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Trade Commerce and Intercourse
Article 301

Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; G.K. Krishnan v. State of Tamil Nadu (1975)
Article 302

Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
Article 304

Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.; Current Context: The SC invoked Article 304(a) while quashing a 2007 Rajasthan government notification granting exemption from payment of value-added tax (VAT) on sale of locally made asbestos cement sheets and bricks.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Public Service Commission
Article 312

All-India services Article 315; Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.; There shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State. Article 320; Functions of Public Service Commissions.; It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and of the State…
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Tribunals (Part Added by 42nd CAA 1976.)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 323A; Administrative tribunals; Parliament may, by law, provide it.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related acts; Administrative Tribunals Act 1985; Armed Forces Tribunal Act 2007; National Green Tribunal Act 2010
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related cases; S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India (1987).
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Article 323B; Tribunal for other matters; Can be provided by law by both Parliament and State legislature.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 18
Article 324

Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. Amendments; 19th CAA 1966. Related Act; The Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and 'Transaction of Business) Act 1991 Related cases; Anoop Baranwal case (2023).; T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995) Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a…

26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive Revision of electoral

26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 19
Emergency Provisions Article 352

Proclamation of Emergency.; National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. Amendments; 38th CAA 1975, 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related case; Minerva Mills case (1980). Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. Related case; Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India (2005); S. R. Bommai v. Union of India…
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 20
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 21

2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

Constitutional Amendment; Special Majority of the Parliament and the Ratification of Half of the State; A Constitutional Amendment in India refers Legislatures to the process of making changes or; Federal features are amended by this modifications to the provisions of the majority. Constitution.; A few examples of the provisions that; A Constitutional Amendment can be can be amended this way are: initiated by either…
2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 22
Abolition of state classifications

The 15th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1963 classification of states into Part A, Part B,; High Court Writ Jurisdiction: High Courts Part C, and Part D was abolished. were empowered to issue writs to any; Jurisdiction of High Courts: High Court’s person or authority outside its territorial jurisdiction was extended to Union jurisdiction, if the cause of action arose Territories (UTs). within its territorial limits.…
2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 23
Article 13

Removed the restriction on; Added laws to the Ninth Schedule, making Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental them immune from judicial review, Rights. particularly regarding land reforms and other policy measures. 25th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971; Insertion of Article 31C: Added Article Articles Amended: 31C, which ensures that laws aimed at; Article 71: Related to disputes regarding giving effect to the…

Best-practice case study: 8 Energy Conservation Initiatives

Telangana State Energy Conservation Building Code

The initiative focuses on the effective implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by the State government of Telangana to promote energy efficiency in commercial buildings. Impact:; 430 commercial buildings have been certified as ECBC compliant, with a cumulative built-up area of 13.12 lakh square meters.; The initiative has led to an estimated energy savings of 336 MkWh per annum.; The…
Ethanol – A Success Story

The objective is to promote the use of ethanol produced from sugarcane as a cleaner, more sustainable fuel blended with petrol, thereby reducing India's dependency on imported fossil fuels and supporting the sugar industry. Impact:; A separate portal has been launched to monitor ethanol projects and production capacities.; The Government of India aims for 20% ethanol blending by 2025 (earlier 2030), reducing fossil…
LED Street Lighting via ESCO Mode - Thane,

To reduce municipal electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing conventional streetlights with energy-efficient LED lights through an Energy Service Company model. Impact: Thane Municipal Corporation replaced 8,000 high-pressure sodium vapour street lamps with LED lights through an ESCO-based PPP model. The project established a baseline for streetlights, used performance contracting with…
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - New Delhi

To demonstrate energy-efficient and climate-sensitive public infrastructure through a green government building integrating passive design, renewable energy, and efficient resource use. Impact: Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is a landmark green public building that integrates energy-efficient design with renewable-energy generation. It uses strategies such as efficient lighting, passive cooling, daylight optimisation…

Facts and figures for this syllabus heading.