GS III syllabus

Official UPSC Mains headings for this paper. Open a heading to read PYQs on that topic.

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Indian Economy and Agriculture 150 PYQs

1 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment. 87 PYQs
2 Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. 7 PYQs
3 Government Budgeting. 8 PYQs
4 Major crops — cropping patterns in various parts of the country; different types of irrigation and irrigation systems; storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers. 23 PYQs
5 Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System — objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing. 6 PYQs
6 Food processing and related industries in India — scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management. 4 PYQs
7 Land reforms in India. 3 PYQs
8 Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth. 1 PYQ
9 Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. 11 PYQs
10 Investment models. PYQs

Science, Technology and Environment 34 PYQs

Security and Disaster Management 36 PYQs

Facts & figures

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Indian Economy

Primary Sector (Includes

Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarrying); Share in Gross Value Added (GVA): About 18.4% of India’s nominal GVA in FY 2025–26.; Growth Rate (FY 2025–26): +2.7% real GVA growth.; Employment Share:; Agriculture accounts for about 43.0% of total workers.; In rural areas, agriculture engages 44.6% of male workers and 70.9% of female workers.
Secondary Sector (Includes

Manufacturing, Construction, Electricity, Gas, Water Supply); Share in GVA (FY 2025–26): About 25.3%.; Growth Rate: FY 2025–26: +6.6% real GVA growth, with manufacturing and construction each estimated at 7.0%.; Employment Share: Roughly 24–25% of the workforce, with manufacturing at 12.1% and construction at 12.0%.
Asset Quality (Npas) Gross NPA (GNPA) of

Declined to 2.2% at end-March 2025 and further to about 2.1% by end-September 2025. This marks a multi-decadal / historic low in SCB asset quality stress.; Net NPA (NNPA): Down to about 0.5% in 2025.
Credit Growth & Distribution Overall Credit

Rose to 15.4% in FY 2023–24 (from 9.7% last year); Sectoral Share of Total Bank Credit:; Personal Loans: 32.1% (Largest share); Services: 28.4%; Industry: 26.2%; Agriculture: 13.3% LEGAL FRAMEWORK: SARFAESI Act-2002,Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC),-2016 & 2020,Banking Regulation Act, 1949
Merchandise And Services Trade Merchandise

USD 441.78 billion, up 0.93% from previous year.; Overall exports (FY 2025–26): USD 860.09 billion, up 4.22% from previous year. Export Growth & Share; Merchandise exports grew by 0.93% overall in FY 2025–26.; Merchandise imports grew to USD 774.98 billion, up about 7.5% year-on-year.; India’s share of global merchandise exports: around 1.8% in 2024. Trade Deficit; Merchandise trade deficit (FY 2025–26): USD 333.19…
TOP EXPORT ITEMS

Engineering goods, petroleum products, electronics, drugs and pharmaceuticals, minerals/ores, etc. TOP IMPORT ITEMS: Crude oil/petroleum, gold, electronics/machinery, chemicals, etc. MAJOR EXPORT DESTINATIONS: United States, UAE, Netherlands, China, United Kingdom, Singapore. MAJOR IMPORT SOURCES: China, UAE, United States of America, Russia, Saudi Arabia, etc. Foreign Trade Policy & Initiatives; Target: USD 2…
Other Initiatives Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti

Aims to enhance multi-modal connectivity and infrastructure.; National Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Develops industrial corridors to promote industrial growth.; GIS-enabled India Industrial Land Bank (IILB): A platform for GIS-based industrial land information.; Industrial Park Rating System (IPRS): Evaluates industrial parks based on infrastructure quality.; Productivity Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme…
Coal

Backbone Of Energy; Coal supplies ~55% of India’s total energy.; Production in FY 2024–25 reached 1.047 billion tonnes, up ~5% YoY; Delivers 74% of domestic electricity and makes India the third-largest coal consumer .
Energy

Renewable & Non-Fossil Energy; India achieved 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources in June 2025, five years ahead of its 2030 NDC target.; Installed non-fossil capacity stood at 283.46 GW as on 31 March 2026.; Non-fossil fuels accounted for 29.2% of total electricity generation in 2025–26, with 538.97 BU generated. Oil & Gas; India meets about 88% of its crude oil needs…
Energy

Government Targets & Global Pledges; Aim to reach 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030 (including solar, wind, hydro, nuclear).; Revised solar capacity target of 300 GW under the National Solar Mission.; Committed to net-zero emissions by 2070 and reducing emissions intensity by 33–35% from 2005 levels. Major Policies & Schemes; Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission — aim of 300 GW solar by 2030.; PM…
Energy

Key Challenges Ahead; Despite capacity milestones coal still generates ~70%+ of power .; Renewable generation remains just ~24% of total electricity; capacity utilization and grid integration are lagging .; Requires urgent build-up of battery storage, grid infrastructure, and peak power solutions like green hydrogen.
Supercomputing & Big Data High-Performance Systems

Pratyush, Mihir, PARAM Siddhi, and AIRAWAT (in global top 500).; Applications include defense, climate modeling, biotech, finance, energy.; Mission: National Supercomputing Mission.
Vulnerability

More than 36% of the country’s forest cover has been estimated to be prone to frequent forest fires. Nearly 4 % of the country’s forest cover is extremely prone to fire, whereas 6% of forest cover is found to be very highly fire prone; 54.40% of forests in India are exposed to occasional fires, 7.49% to moderately frequent fires and 2.40% to high incidence levels (FSI); Commonly reported during November - June…
Banking Sector and Other Economic Reforms

Inclusive Include ffinancially and socially excluded groups, integrate emerging technologies, and ensure the security of digital transactions.
Tarapore Committee, 1997 [Committee on Capital

Focus Areas Recommendations Preconditions Fiscal consolidation, in lation target, and strengthened ffinancial system for CAC were recommended as preconditions for Capital Account Convertibility (CAC). Exchange Rate Policy RBI to maintain a +/- 5% band around the neutral REER; intervene when REER is outside the band. Narrow Banks Convert weak banks into narrow banks, where resources are used only for government…
Sharda Prasad Committee, 2016 [Report on Skill

Focus Areas Recommendations Separate Stream for Establish a separate stream in secondary education, create Vocational Vocational Schools/Colleges for upward mobility, and have a Central University for Education awarding degrees and diplomas. Industry- Vocational Education and Training (VET) should last at least one year Employer Engagement with an internship; industry-employer engagement is vital in all VET…
Parthasarathi Shome Committee, 2014 [On Tax

Focus Areas Recommendations Taxpayer Services Establish a separate vertical for taxpayer services in each board. Binding Decision Ombudsman decisions on taxpayer grievances should be binding on tax of icers. Pre- illed Tax Returns Provide pre- illed tax returns to all individuals, with the option to accept or modify. Separate Dispute Set up a separate dispute management vertical for each board. Management Vertical…
Narasimham Committee- I (1991)

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 22 Four-tier Hierarchy: The Indian Banking System was proposed to have a four-tier hierarchy, with a few major public sector banks at the top and rural development banks for agricultural activities at the bottom. Quasi-Autonomous Body: A Quasi-Autonomous body under the supervision of the RBI would oversee the functioning of banks and ffinancial institutions.
Narasimham Committee- II (1998)

Focus Areas Recommendations Merger of Banks Merge major public sector banks to enhance international trade, ensuring stronger banks don’t merge with weaker ones. Narrow Banking Implement Narrow Banking for banks with high NPAs, allowing them to invest in short term, low-risk assets. RBI as Regulator RBI should solely act as the regulator and not own any banks. Increase Review government ownership of banks to…
P J Nayak Committee, 2014 [On Review of Governance

Focus Areas Recommendations Government’s Reduce the government’s stake in PSBs to below 50% to improve Stake Rationalisation ef iciency and governance. Administrative Separate the roles of chairman and managing director in PSBs to Reform improve accountability and transparency. Independent Strengthen the role of Independent Directors in PSBs, establish a Bank Directors Investment Company to hold Government Equity…
K.V. Kamath Committee, 2020 [On Restructuring Of

Focus Areas Recommendations Graded Adopt a graded approach to restructure stressed accounts based on the severity of Approach impact on borrowers. Categorisation Banks should categorize accounts as mild, moderate, and severe based on the severity of stress. Fffinancial Banks should assess sector health using the following ive ffinancial parameters: - Parameters Total Outside Liabilities to Adjusted Tangible Net…
P K Mohanty Committee, 2020 [On Private Sector

Focus Areas Recommendations Promoters of Banks Large corporates and industrial houses should be allowed as promoters of banks once the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is amended. This aims to prevent connected lending and unfair loans to promoters. Criteria for NBFCs can convert to banks if they have: - Asset size of Rs. 50,000 crore+ - Conversion to Banks 10 years of operations - Due diligence and compliance met.…
N. S. Viswanathan Committee, 2021 [On Urban

Focus Areas Recommendations Four-tier Implement a four-tier structure for urban cooperative banks (UCBs) based on Structure deposits size and capital availability. UCB Allow large UCBs to operate like small inance banks (SFBs) and universal banks. Operations Tier-3 UCBs Tier-3 UCBs (deposits of INR 1,000 crore to INR 10,000 crore) should operate like SFBs with a 15% Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Tier-4 UCBs Tier-4…
Usha Thorat Committee, 2011 [On Issues and Concerns

Focus Areas Recommendations Fffinancial Increase capital norms to 12% for NBFCs, align asset classi ication and Regulatory Norms provisioning with banks, and set a minimum asset size of over 50 crore for new NBFCs. Simpli ication Simplify regulations: RBI approval required for 25%+ shareholding changes, of Regulations and tax deductions on provisions. Liquidity Ratio Introduce a liquidity ratio to cover gaps between…
Urjit Patel Committee, 2014: On Monetary Policy

Focus Areas Recommendations In lation RBI should anchor Monetary Policy to the Headline CPI with a 4% in lation Targeting target for a two-year horizon, within a band of ±2%. Fiscal De icit Reduce the Fiscal De icit to 3% of GDP by 2016-17, and eliminate administered prices, wages, and interest rates to improve monetary policy transmission. Monetary MPC should consist of the RBI Governor, Deputy Governor, Executive…
Sunil Mehta Committee, 2018: On Stressed Assets of

Long-Term Capital and Governance: The resolution process suggested by the committee will also bring in credible long-term external capital to limit the burden on the domestic banking sector while ensuring robust governance and credit architecture to prevent a similar build-up of non-performing loans in the future. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 26
Bimal Jalan Committee, 2019 [For Reviewing the

The Committee reviewed the reserves, risk provisions, and risk buffers maintained by RBI and recommended their continuation. Focus Areas Recommendations Realised Maintain realised equity within 6.5% to 5.5% of the RBI’s balance sheet to cover Equity credit and operational risks. Surplus Surplus will be transferred to the Government only if realised equity exceeds the Distribution required level. If below the lower…
Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

Focus Areas Recommendations Issues with the Fragmented Data: Data is fragmented across entities, e.g., borrowings from current Credit banks, inter corporate borrowings, etc., not available in a single repository. Information Reliance on Self-disclosure: Borrowers disclose income, assets, and liabilities, Infrastructure: which may not be accurate or comprehensive. Cross-Validation: Data needs to be cross-validated…
Nandan Nilekani Panel, 2019 [Deepening of Digital

Focus Areas Recommendations Targets for Achieve: a. 10 fold increase in per capita digital transactions (22.4 to 220) b. Digital Payments Double digital transactions as % of GDP (769% to 1500%) c. Triple digital payment users (10 crore to 30 crore) in 3 years. Merchant Subsidise MDR and reduce interchange fees on card payments by 15 bps to Discount Rate incentivise digital payments. Import Duties Remove import…
Ratan Watal Panel, 2016 [Committee on Digital

Focus Areas Recommendations Medium-term Strategy Develop a medium-term strategy to accelerate Digital Payments growth with a regulatory regime. Digital Divide Bridge the digital divide by promoting competition, open access, and interoperability in payments. Inclusive Include ffinancially and socially excluded groups, integrate emerging technologies, and ensure the security of digital transactions. Level Playing…
G. N. Bajpai Committee, 2021 [Development of

International Fffinancial Services Centre] Focus Areas Recommendations Aircraft Leasing and IFSCA has developed an ecosystem for Aircraft Leasing and Financing, Financing which can be used to develop an Aviation Insurance Hub and Trade Credit Insurance at IFSC, and similar platforms for the shipping industry. Captive International Fffinancial Services Centre (IFSCA) should create a framework Insurance Model to…
R. N. Malhotra Committee, 1993 [On Reforms in

Focus Areas Recommendations Private Players Include private players in the insurance sector. Foreign Allow foreign companies to enter the insurance sector, preferably Companies Participation through joint ventures with Indian partners. Autonomous Body Constitute the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) as an autonomous body to regulate and develop the insurance sector. Enhance IRDA’s key objectives…
Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

ACT) Review] Focus Areas Recommendations Debt as the Use debt as the primary target for iscal policy. Primary Target Targeted Debt to Target a Debt to GDP ratio of 60%, with a 40% limit for the Centre and 20% GDP Ratio for States, to be achieved by 2023. Autonomous Establish an Autonomous Fiscal Council with a Chairperson and two Fiscal Council members appointed by the Centre to:; Prepare multi-year iscal forecasts…
Mahesh Kumar Jain Review Committee, 2019 [On

Focus Areas Recommendations DBT Distribute subsidies directly to farmers’ accounts through Direct Bene it Transfer (DBT) for ef iciency and transparency. Subsidies Reduce subsidies on electricity and fertiliser, as they are unsustainable and do not yield desired benefits to farmers. Information Systems Strengthen information systems to aid better decision-making for policymakers and farmers. Technology Use…
Shanta Kumar Committee, 2014 [High Level Committee

Corporation of India (FCI)] Focus Areas Recommendations Procurement FCI should transfer procurement operations of wheat, paddy, and rice to states Operations with sufficient experience and infrastructure. Review Review the coverage of 67% of the population, allocation of 5 kg per person, and frozen central issue prices for three years (rice/wheat/coarse cereals). Outsourcing FCI should outsource stocking operations…
Beekeeping Development Committee, 2019 [Under the

Advancing Beekeeping in India] Focus Areas Recommendations Recognition Recognize honeybees as agricultural inputs and landless beekeepers as farmers. Women Plant bee-friendly lora and engage women self-help groups in managing Engagement these plantations. National Institutionalize the National Bee Board, rename it as the Honey and Pollinators Bee Board Board of India under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’…
Standing Committee Report on Fisheries, Animal

The Standing Committee on Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, chaired by Mr. P.C. Gaddigoudar, presented its report on ‘Employment Generation and Revenue Earning Potential of the Fisheries Sector’. Committee’s observations and recommendations are as follows:; Employment Generation in Fisheries: Fisheries offer diverse job opportunities, with the PM Matsya Sampada Yojana aiming to create 55 lakh jobs by…
Ramesh Chandra Committee, 2018 [On Integration of

Market] Focus Areas Recommendations Reforms Amend the APMC Act to improve agricultural market ef iciency, integrating farm-level production with end-uses (Model APLM Act, 2017). Multiple Modes of Selling Allow multiple selling modes and remove restrictions on selling only through recognized APMCs. Farmers’ Form FPOs/cooperatives to enhance farmers’ bargaining power. Producers Organizations IMPORTANT COMMITTEES…
T Haque Committee, 2017 [Expert Committee on Land

Observations Legal Bans Most states have either legally banned or imposed restrictions on and Restrictions agricultural land leasing. Informal Legal bans or restrictions on land leasing have led to informal tenancy across Tenancy the country, affecting the productivity of land cultivated by informal tenants. Recommendations Legalisation of Land Legalising land leasing will make more land available for landless and…
Bimal Jalan Committee, 2010 [Market Infrastructure

Focus Areas Recommendations Systemic Importance MIIs (stock exchanges, depositories, clearing corporations) are systemically important, and their failure could lead to major economic collapse. Regulatory Support MIIs should reduce regulatory burdens by supporting the market regulator. Public Utility MIIs, considered public utilities, should generate only reasonable pro its, vs. Pro it Orientation with a cap on…
Kirit Parikh Committee, 2022 [On Fair pricing of

Focus Areas Recommendations Price Introduce a loor and ceiling price for gas from legacy ields, with complete Liberalisation pricing freedom starting January 1, 2026. State Producers ONGC and Oil India Ltd. will receive a price linked to imported oil, with a loor price of $4/ million British thermal unit (mBtu) and a ceiling price of $6.5/mBtu. Unified Tax Include natural gas in the GST regime by subsuming excise…
Atanu Chakraborty Panel, 2019 [On National

Focus Areas Recommendations Capital Plan Rs 111 lakh crore capital investments over six years (FY25), with Investment Roadmap 71% allocated to energy, roads, urban development, and railways, involving private investors. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 34 Market and Deepen corporate bond markets (including municipal bonds), set up Fffinancial Reforms development ffinancial institutions, and accelerate…
Kris Gopalakrishnan Committee, 2020 [On Various

Focus Areas Recommendations Classi ication Classify data into: - Public (generated by government) - Community (sourced from individuals) - Private (generated by private entities). Privacy Address privacy concerns regarding the re-identification of anonymized personal Concerns data to prevent harm from such processing. Data Establish ‘data business’ as a new category. Entities (including government agencies) Business…
S. Sunder Committee, 2007 [Road Safety and Traf ic

Focus Areas Recommendations Creation of National Road Safety Establish an Apex body through an Act of Parliament to & Traf ic Management Board promote road safety and traf ic management, with advisory and regulatory functions. State Road Safety Set up State-level Road Safety Boards to advise state Boards governments on road safety and traf ic management. Road Safety Fund Allocate 1% of cess proceeds on diesel and…
Bibek Debroy Committee, 2012 [For Restructuring of

Focus Areas Recommendations Role Separation Separate policy-making, regulation, and operations to ensure sustainable private sector participation. Regulatory Establish an independent Railways Regulatory Authority as a statutory body Authority with its own budget, independent of the Ministry. Reduce Non- Reduce railway engagement in peripheral activities like running schools, core Activities hospitals, and a police…
Standing Committee Report on Development and

The Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture, chaired by Mr. V. Vijayasai Reddy, presented its report on ‘Development and Expansion of Existing and New National Inland Waterways’ on September 21, 2023. It’s key indings and recommendations: 1. Operationalisation of National Waterways; Key Issue: Out of 111 noti ied national waterways, only 23 are operational. Fffinancial and staf ing constraints hinder…
Arjun Sengupta Committee, 2005 [On Central Public

Focus Areas Recommendations Empowerment Empower holding companies to transfer assets, loat fresh equity, and divest of Companies shareholding in subsidiaries with conditions. Selecting Chief Executive of CPSE to be a member of the Search Committee for Independent selecting Independent Directors for CPSE Board. Directors IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 37 Non-Accepted Government rejected AGE recommendations on…
U K Sinha Panel, 2019 [On MSME]

Focus Areas Recommendations De inition of Adjust definition criteria regularly to re lect the changing economic Criteria scenario, and delegate MSME classi ication power to the Executive. Legislation Create comprehensive and holistic MSME legislation. Payments Ensure timely payments to MSEs, and make it mandatory for and Procurement PSUs/Government Departments to procure 25% from MSEs via the GeM portal. Role of…
Baba Kalyani Committee, 2018 [On Special Economic

Focus Areas Recommendations Framework Shift focus from export growth to broad-based employment and economic Shift growth through Employment and Economic Enclaves (3Es). MSMEs Promote MSME participation in 3Es and enable manufacturing service players to locate in 3Es. Rules Formulate separate rules and procedures for manufacturing and service SEZs. Ecosystem Enhance competitiveness by developing ecosystems through…
T K Viswanathan Committee, 2018 [On Fair Market

Focus Areas Recommendations Fraudulent Consider Benami trading and trading beyond known ffinancial resources as Activity fraudulent activities. Regulatory Broaden the scope of fraud regulations to cover not only intermediaries but Changes also their employees and agents. Whistle- Grant SEBI authority to provide immunity to whistle-blowers who expose Blower Immunity illegal activities. Preventive Empower SEBI to tap…

Inclusive Growth

Doctrine of Territorial Nexus Definition

A state law is applicable within its own territorial limits unless there is a sufficient nexus between the object and the state.; Key Case:; A.H. Wadia v. Income Tax Commissioner (1948): SC reaffirmed the territorial jurisdiction of state laws.; Contemporary Linkage: This doctrine is crucial in determining the jurisdictional limits of state laws, especially when applied to extraterritorial actions.H. Wadia and State…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Aims to reduce SC community poverty by creating employment Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit through skill development, income-generating schemes, and Jaati Abhyuday Yojna (PM- other initiatives. AJAY); Seeks to enhance socio-economic development by ensuring adequate infrastructure and services in SC-dominated villages.; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

National Action for; Aims to ensure safety and dignity for sanitation workers in Mechanised Sanitation urban India by recognizing their crucial role in sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) infrastructure.; Offers alternative livelihood support and entitlements to reduce vulnerabilities and promote self-employment and skilled wage opportunities.; Aims to change citizen behaviour towards sanitation workers and increase…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

National Action Plan for Skill; A dedicated skill development program aimed at providing Development of Persons with high-quality vocational training with a focus on Persons Disabilities (NAP-SDP) with Disabilities (PwDs).; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Human Resource Relevant for discussing upskilling of government Development, Capacity personnel, participatory and problem-solving training Building, Institutional methodologies, and improving ef iciency and Reform responsiveness in public administration.
Focus on Hard-to-Abate Sectors

Pilot projects and adoption in industries like steel, fertilisers, and re ineries which are dif icult to decarbonize. 5. Public-Private Partnerships: Promotes collaboration across R&D, skill development, and global partnerships to advance technology. Signi icance 1. Global Leadership in Clean Energy: India is positioned to become a global leader in the transition to green energy, enhancing its geopolitical in…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

23. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Overview Launch

2014; Objective: National Mission for Fffinancial Inclusion to provide affordable access to banking, savings, credit, insurance, and pensions. Objectives; Ensure affordable access to ffinancial products and services.; Use technology to lower costs and expand reach.
Basic Tenets Banking the Unbanked

Open BSBD accounts with minimal paperwork and zero balance.; Securing the Unsecured: Provide debit cards with ₹2 lakh accident insurance.; Funding the Unfunded: Offer micro-insurance, overdraft, micro-pension, and micro-credit.
Initial Features Universal Banking Access

Branch and Business Correspondent (BC) network.; Savings Accounts: Overdraft facility up to ₹10,000.; Fffinancial Literacy: Promote savings, ATM use, and banking via mobile phones.; Credit Guarantee Fund: Guarantee against defaults.; Insurance: Accident cover up to ₹1 lakh, life cover of ₹30,000 for early adopters.; Pension for Unorganized Sector.
Enhanced Features (Post 2018) Focus

From "Every Household" to "Every Unbanked Adult".; RuPay Card Insurance: Increased accidental cover to ₹2 lakh.; Overdraft Facility: Limit increased to ₹10,000, with simpli ied terms.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

24. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Inclusive Growth, MSMEs, For highlighting credit-led microenterprise growth, self- Employment Generation employment, and grassroots entrepreneurship support
Impact Fffinancial Inclusion

Brought unserved and underserved sections into the formal credit system.; MSME Growth: Boosted indigenous production and employment, supporting "Make in India".; Economic Empowerment: Enhanced per capita income and spurred innovation.
Impact Bene iciary Outreach

Over 1 lakh SHG members identi ied, with ₹203 crore released as seed capital.; Employment Generation: Signi icant boost to local employment and entrepreneurship.; Formalisation: Brings unorganised micro food processing enterprises into the formal sector.; Economic Contribution: Enhances value addition, quality, and marketability of local products.; Infrastructure Development: Establishes incubation centres and…
Impact

Environmental: Promotes affordable and eco-friendly public transportation.; Economic: Strengthens the EV supply chain and manufacturing sector.; Employment: Creates significant job opportunities along the EV value chain.; Atmanirbhar Bharat: Supports the vision of a self-reliant India through the Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP), enhancing domestic production and resilience in the EV industry.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for self-employment, skill development, Growth, Skill Development and formalization of informal urban sector activities
Objectives Poverty Alleviation

Reduce poverty and vulnerability among urban poor households.; Employment Opportunities: Enable access to self-employment and skilled wage employment for sustainable livelihood improvement.; Shelter for the Homeless: Provide shelters with essential services for the urban homeless.; Support for Street Vendors: Address livelihood concerns by facilitating access to suitable spaces, institutional credit, and social…
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for discussing ffinancial inclusion, economic Growth, Fffinancial support and upliftment, and support for urban micro- Inclusion entrepreneurs
PM Vishwakarma Scheme

38. PM Vishwakarma Scheme
GS2 Welfare Schemes, Livelihood Use to discuss

GS2 Welfare Schemes, Livelihood Use to discuss targeted support for traditional artisans Support for Artisans & and craftspeople through skill development and Craftspeople ffinancial aid
GS3 Employment, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for highlighting government efforts to Skill Development enhance livelihoods through skill training and market access
Overview PM Vishwakarma is a Central Sector Scheme

Overview PM Vishwakarma is a Central Sector Scheme which was launched on September 17, 2023
Objective

Enhance the livelihoods of artisans and craftspeople by providing ffinancial, skill development, and marketing support, ensuring holistic support for their socio-economic upliftment.
GS2 Governance, Employment Use to discuss

GS2 Governance, Employment Use to discuss government schemes aimed at job Schemes, Post-Pandemic creation, formal sector employment, and post-COVID Recovery economic recovery
GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for highlighting

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for highlighting post-pandemic employment Growth, Economic Recovery generation and incentives for employers to hire new staff
Objective Incentivize Employment

Encourage employers registered with EPFO to hire new employees and re-employ individuals from low-wage brackets who lost jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for discussing

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for discussing ffinancial inclusion, social Growth, Social Protection protection, and security for vulnerable workers
Overview Purpose

Provide a monthly pension to workers in the unorganised sector to ensure ffinancial security in old age.; Objective: To offer ffinancial protection and stability to unorganised sector workers, including vendors and street-side workers, after the age of 60.; Eligibility:; Workers aged 18-40 with a monthly income of ₹15,000 or less.; Not a member of EPFO, ESIC, or NPS (Government-funded).
Impact Fffinancial Security

Ensures a stable source of income post-retirement for unorganised workers.; Increased Coverage: Extends social security benefits to millions of workers who lack formal employment benefits.; Centralised Management: LIC manages contributions, ensuring a streamlined and reliable pension delivery system.
Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

42. Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for discussing

GS3 Employment, Inclusive Relevant for discussing ffinancial inclusion, pension Growth, Social coverage, social protection, and guaranteed old-age income Protection for vulnerable workers in the unorganised sector.
Context

As of October 2025, Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has crossed 8.34 crore enrolments.
About Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

APY is a government-backed pension scheme aimed at providing old-age income security to workers in the unorganised sector, encouraging voluntary retirement savings.; It replaced the Swavalamban Yojana (also known as NPS Lite) scheme.; Implemented on : 1 June 2015.; Administered by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).; Implemented through banks and post offices designated as Points of Presence –…
GS2 Governance, Welfare Schemes, Use to discuss

GS2 Governance, Welfare Schemes, Use to discuss empowerment through skilling, Empowerment of Minority entrepreneurship, and leadership training in minority Groups communities
GS3 Inclusive Growth, Employment, Relevant for

GS3 Inclusive Growth, Employment, Relevant for livelihood enhancement, income Economic Development generation, and fostering entrepreneurship in marginalized communities
Facts Type

Central Sector Scheme; Focus: Skilling, entrepreneurship, and leadership training for minority and artisan communities across India.; Integration: Converges ive schemes from the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
Infrastructure Development ➢ Model

Convergence with other schemes using the "Hub and Spoke" model; Art and Craft Villages: Known as: Vishwakarma Villages (Hubs); Focus: Showcase and promote local artistic culture, providing artisans with a dignified cultural identity
Salient Features Components

Port Modernization & New Port Development: Expansion of existing ports and development of new Greenfield ports.; Port Connectivity Enhancement: Improve connectivity with the hinterland through road, rail, and waterways, optimising cargo movement.; Port-linked Industrialization: Develop industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones near ports.; Coastal Community Development: Support sustainable coastal community…
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

48. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
GS2 Governance, Welfare Schemes, Use to discuss

GS2 Governance, Welfare Schemes, Use to discuss employment generation, livelihood Rural Development security, and poverty alleviation in rural areas
GS3 Rural Development, Relevant for highlighting

GS3 Rural Development, Relevant for highlighting the role of MGNREGA in Employment, Inclusive Growth creating sustainable rural livelihoods and boosting rural economies
Overview and Objective

Launched in 2005, MGNREGA is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at enhancing rural livelihood security.; The scheme guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work annually to adult members of rural households.; Its primary objective is to reduce poverty, improve rural economic conditions, and curb migration by providing guaranteed employment.
Key Achievements Employment Generation

Over 11.37 crore households have availed employment, generating 289.24 crore person-days of work till December 2022.; During the COVID-19 lockdown, the scheme supported 11 crore workers.
GS 3 Economic Development, Industrial Can be used

GS 3 Economic Development, Industrial Can be used as example in Growth, Employment Generation, questions discussing economic growth, Agriculture & Food Processing, industrial policy, manufacturing, employment Science & Technology – Innovation generation, technological innovation, and self- reliance etc.
Signi icance Enhanced Manufacturing Ecosystem

Transforms India's industrial capacity, boosting export potential and technological leadership.; Self-Reliance: Reduces dependence on imports which aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.; Economic Growth: Drives employment growth, innovation and value-added production in high- growth sectors.
Impact Economic Growth

Promotes last-mile connectivity, boosting supply chains and enhancing India’s global competitiveness.; Job Creation: Generates employment opportunities through infrastructure development.; Business Investment: Helps investors plan strategically by providing comprehensive data on infrastructure projects and industrial hubs.; Ease of Living: Improves transportation ef iciency, reducing travel time and enhancing access…
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

51. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
Technology Integration PM-KISAN Portal

Provides a comprehensive platform for registration, beneficiary management, and grievance redressal.; Seamless Operations: Integrated with UIDAI, PFMS, NPCI and Income Tax Department for efficient fund distribution and veri ication.; Grievance Redressal: Real-time assistance through a 24x7 call facility and the ‘Kisan e-Mitra’ AI chatbot which is available in 10 languages.
Kisan Pehchaan Patra Context

The Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has made obtaining a farmer ID mandatory for registering new beneficiaries under the PM-Kisan Scheme.
Advanced Tools

Uses satellite imagery, remote sensing, drones, AI, and machine learning for accurate loss assessment.; PMFBY Portal: Integrates land records to ensure transparency and efficiency.; Service Tax Exemption: Exemptions are provided for services related to scheme implementation.
Startup India

56. Startup India
GS3 Employment, Relevant for highlighting job

GS3 Employment, Relevant for highlighting job creation, funding Infrastructure, MSMEs, support, and ecosystem development for startups Startups and innovation
Overview

Startup India was officially launched on January 16, 2016, by the Government of India to foster a culture of innovation and support new business ventures across the country.
Objectives

The main objective of Startup India is to promote economic growth and create job opportunities through innovation, entrepreneurship support, and reducing barriers to business creation and scaling.
Salient Features Funding Support and Incentives

A Fund of Funds with a corpus of ₹10,000 crore was established to provide capital support through partner funds.; Dedicated credit guarantee fund and tax exemption incentives are in place for eligible startups.; Startups also enjoy income tax exemptions for three consecutive years.; Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubation:; Regular Startup Fests encourage knowledge exchange and innovation showcasing.…
Credit Guarantee Fund

The Credit Guarantee Fund for Startups (operationalized through SIDBI) was planned with an allocation of ₹500 crore per year for four years to facilitate bank credit to startups with minimal collateral.
Impact

By December 31, 2023, India reported 1,17,254 DPIIT-recognized startups.; These startups collectively created over 12.42 lakh direct jobs.; Startups are distributed across all States and Union Territories, with presence in over 80% of India’s districts
Fffinancial Inclusion for Street Vendors under PM

The initiative aims to provide working capital loans to urban street vendors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, along with additional benefits for their family members. It promotes digital inclusion and provides fffinancial support for socio-economic upliftment. Impact:; The SVANidhi se Samriddhi program facilitated socio-economic profiling of beneficiaries.; Banks and lending institutions offer an attractive credit…
Project Uddyam – Enhancing the Income of Tribal

The project aims to educate tribal households in Talaseri block on livelihood interventions to enhance income, ensure human development, and improve access to government benefits and programs. Impact:; Local women managers were trained to serve as managers for collectives, providing day-to-day managerial services.; Uddyam linked Warli artisans to institutional buyers, promoting their products.; A cadre of local…
BC Sakhi and Nagad Sangwari for Pension Payments at

To provide doorstep pension delivery to elderly, disabled, and vulnerable beneficiaries through women- led digital fffinancial service providers. Impact: Under Chhattisgarh State Rural Livelihood Mission, BC Sakhis and Nagad Sangwaris provide pension services at beneficiaries’ homes using digital payment systems such as AePS and DigiPay. The word “Sangwari” means “friend” in Chhattisgarhi, reflecting the…
Bank Credit Facilitation Scheme: Simplifying Access

To improve access to formal credit for MSMEs by simplifying bank-credit facilitation and reducing procedural barriers in loan access. Impact: The scheme focuses on supporting MSMEs in accessing bank credit more smoothly by improving credit facilitation mechanisms. NITI for States lists “Fostering MSME Growth: Bank Credit Facilitation Scheme Simplifying Access to Finance” under MSME best practices. It is useful as a…
Inclusive Growth

Pillars of Inclusive; Education Growth; Health; Employment and Skilling; Poverty and Hunger; Quality of life :Rights, Happiness , Environment etc. ( relevant data provided in various sections of the document )
Data/Facts Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023

India still has more than 230 million people who are poor.
Human Development Index 2025 (UNDP)

India ranked 130th out of 193 countries.; Global Hunger Index 2025 : India ranks 102/127; Global Slavery Index 2023: India has the highest estimated total number of people living in modern slavery globally, at about 11.05 million.; World Happiness Report (WHR), 2026 : ranked 116th out of 147 nations.

Government Budgeting

India’s Fiscal Policy Fiscal Deficit Target

4.3% of GDP.; The government aims to reduce the fiscal deficit to 4.3% of GDP in 2026–27.; Revenue deficit is projected at 1.5% of GDP in 2026–27, same as RE 2025–26.; The estimated debt-to-GDP ratio for the central government is 55.6%, down from 56.1% in RE 2025–26.; Gross Market Borrowings: ₹17.2 lakh crore.; Total Expenditure: ₹53.5 lakh crore.; Total Receipts excluding borrowings: ₹36.5 lakh crore.; Centre’s net…

Crops, Irrigation and Marketing

Agriculture

Agriculture and Allied Sector in India
Agriculture

Share in GDP; Declined to 16% last fiscal year from 35% in 1990-91; Contributes around 18% to the GVA
Agriculture

Employment share; About 45.76% of the total workforce
Major crops Rice

Second largest producer in the world after China.; Wheat - Second largest producer in the world after China.; Maize - Seventh largest producer in the world.; Pulses - Largest producer as well as consumer in the world.; Jowar - One of the largest producers in the world.
Commercial Crops Sugarcane

Second largest producer after Brazil.; Jute - Largest producer in the world.; Cotton - Largest producer in the world.; Rubber - Fourth largest producer in the world.; Coffee - Seventh largest producer in the world.; Tea - Second largest producer in the world.
Livestock Livestock sector contribution to

around 30%.; The Livestock sector has grown at a CAGR of 7.38% in 2023-24.
Agriculture

Fisheries; Around 30 million people are employed.; Fish constituted about 10% of total exports.; 20% of the agricultural exports.
Agriculture

Food Processing; The Gross Value Added (GVA) has increased from Rs.1.34 lakh crore in Sector 2014-15 to Rs.1.92 lakh crore in 2022-23.
Agriculture

Committee And; Khusro Committee, RV Gupta Committee Commissions; Shanta Kumar Committee, Shankar Guru (Model APMC) Committee; Ashok Dalwai Committee, Mahesh Kumar Jain Committee
Agriculture

Constitutional; Agriculture is a state subject. Provisions; Entry 14 of the state list; Entry 33 in the concurrent list
Agriculture

Inputs/Raw Materials
Water Irrigation coverage

Currently, approximately 50% of India’s gross cropped area is irrigated; Schemes and Initiatives :; PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, MGNREGA; Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, Atal Bhujal Yojana
Mechanisation Mechanisation level

40-45%; USA (95%), Brazil (75%) and China (57%); Indian equipment market : 7% share globally; 80% of the value comes from Tractors; Schemes and Initiatives :; Sub Mission on Agriculture Mechanisation; Electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipts; Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
Agriculture

Credit; 1% increase in agricultural credit produces 0.29% increase in agricultural GDP; PACS : 1.6 lakh panchayats are without PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Societies); Nearly 2 lakh panchayats without any dairy cooperative society; PACS account for 41% of the KCC loans given; Schemes and Initiatives :; Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) with NABARD, PM KISAN; PMFBY, Kisan Credit Card Scheme; Modified Interest…
Agriculture

Government Support to Farmers
Agriculture

MSP; CACP recommends MSPs for 22 mandated crops; And in addition to these 22 crops, Fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane.; The mandated crops include; 14 kharif crops; 6 rabi crops; 2 commercial crops.; Shanta Kumar Committee Report: Just around 6% of the country’s farmers benefit from the MSP system.; CACP Findings: 94% paddy farmers from Punjab and 74% from Haryana benefited from MSP procurement while…
Agriculture

Significance; Support farmers from distress sale ,Procurement for PDS; Protect farmers from price fluctuation , Ensure regular supply; Encourage higher investment and production
Agriculture

Committee and; Shanta Kumar Committee Commissions; Ashok Dalwai Committee; Ramesh Chandra Committee
Allied Sectors

Organic Farming; India ranks 1st in number of organic farmers.; 9th in terms of area under organic farming.; 1.1% of total agriculture land in India is under organic farming; Sikkim became the fffirst State in the world to become fully organic in 2016.; India is home to 30% of total organic producers in the world having 2.30 million ha.
Livestock Sector Contribution to agriculture and

Around 30%.; Growth:; Livestock contributed 30.19% of Agriculture & Allied Sector GVA.; It contributed around 4.7% of total GVA.; Production:; India ranks 4th in the world in meat production.; Total meat production was 10.50 million tonnes in 2024–25.; India is the largest producer of milk, with 247.87 million tonnes in 2024–25.; India ranks 2nd in egg production, with 149.11 billion eggs in 2024– 25.
Agriculture Support and assistance

Extension; NSSO survey, about 60% of Indian farmers do not get much agricultural technical assistance from government institutes.; Agriculture research funding is less than 1% of GDP.
Agri warehousing capacity

As per the 2021 baseline used by the Ministry of Cooperation, India produced 311 MMT of foodgrains against storage capacity of 145 MMT, implying a 166 MMT storage gap.; Current foodgrain production rose to 357.73 MMT in 2024–25.; As per the same 2021 baseline, other countries had surplus storage capacity of 131%, while India had a 47% shortfall.; Private investment in agriculture remains a policy priority for…
National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

Develop climate-resilient agricultural practices.; Focus: Expand weather insurance coverage and improve agriculture in rain-fed areas, covering 60% of the net sown area. 8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change; Objective: Enhance climate science research and development.; Focus: Establish knowledge networks connecting existing institutions for climate action.
Purpose

Term loans and working capital for manufacturing, trading, services, and agriculture- related activities.; Interest Rates: Determined by lending institutions per RBI guidelines.; There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY.
GS 3 Agriculture

Livestock To discuss government initiatives in improving livestock Management productivity, breed improvement, and income enhancement for farmers.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Overview; Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) is a government initiative dedicated to the development, conservation, and genetic enhancement of indigenous bovine breeds in India.; The mission received a boost in 2024 with several innovative measures targeting improvement of cattle and buffalo productivity, promoting sustainable dairy development, and increasing farmers' income.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

Objective; Enhance milk productivity and yield of indigenous bovines through advanced technologies and systematic breeding strategies.; Conserve native breeds and support sustainable livestock farming for rural economic upliftment.; Facilitate the identification of high genetic merit animals and promote the use of these elite animals in breeding programs to improve the quality and output of India's bovine population.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Agriculture & Allied Sectors, Blue Cites ecological sustainability, export potential, Economy, Infrastructure agri-GVA growth, and isheries infrastructure modernization
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

27. Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
Overview Launch Date

June 29, 2020; Implementing Body: Ministry of Food Processing Industries, under Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan; Duration: 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25); Coverage: 35 States and Union Territories; Aim: To formalise and support micro food processing enterprises.
Objectives Enhance and Formalise

Improve existing individual micro-enterprises in the unorganised segment.; Increase Production and Ef iciency: Expand and modernize the food processing sector.; Promote Local Products: Utilise the One District One Product (ODOP) approach.; Support and Develop Enterprises: Provide ffinancial, technical, and business support.
Salient Features Common Infrastructure

Support: Credit-linked capital subsidy @35% of eligible project cost (up to ₹10 crore) with a maximum of ₹3 crore.; Credit-Linked Subsidy:; Beneficiaries: Individuals, FPOs, NGOs, Cooperatives, SHGs, Pvt. Ltd. Companies.; Subsidy: @35% of eligible project cost, up to ₹10 lakh per unit.; Seed Capital for SHGs:; Support: ₹40,000 per member for working capital and small tools, up to ₹4 lakh per SHG.; Capacity…
AGRISURE (Agriculture Fund for Start-up and Rural

AGRISURE (Agriculture Fund for Start-up and Rural Entreprises) Scheme Launched in September 2024, AGRISURE is a ₹750 crore fund managed by NABVENTURES to support technology-driven start-ups in agriculture and rural enterprises, boosting innovation in agri- businesses.
Key Objective

Provide capital for agri-tech start-ups.; Facilitate market linkages for rural entrepreneurs.; Promote technology adoption in farming.
Expected Outcome

Increased innovation in rural enterprises.; Job creation and entrepreneurship in agri-business.; Improved market access for rural start-ups.
Challenges

High risk for start-ups in the agri-sector.; Limited awareness of available funding.; Infrastructure limitations in rural areas.
Future Directions

Expanding funding scope to cover more sectors.; Strengthening partnerships between start-ups and agricultural institutions.; Promoting collaboration with private investors.
Expected Outcome

Increased horticulture exports and market access.; Improved livelihoods of farmers in clusters.; Better infrastructure for post-harvest handling.
Challenges

Dif iculty in coordinating multiple stakeholders.; Infrastructure constraints in remote areas.; Lack of adequate training for farmers.
Future Directions

Expanding the scope of clusters to include more states.; Focusing on organic farming and sustainable practices.; Promoting greater private sector participation.
Expected Outcome

Improved decision-making for farmers.; Better access to agricultural services and inputs.; Enhanced ef iciency in government schemes.
Key Objective

Promote natural farming practices such as Beejamrit, Jivamrit, and mulching.; Support eco-friendly farming to boost soil fertility.; Reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Challenges

Slow adoption of natural farming techniques.; Lack of awareness and training for farmers.; High upfront cost for transitioning to natural farming.
Future Directions

Scaling up training programs for farmers.; Providing ffinancial incentives for natural farming practices.; Expanding research on sustainable farming practices.
Formation and Promotion of 10000 New Farmer

Formation and Promotion of 10000 New Farmer Producer Organisation (FPOs) The Formation and Promotion of 10,000 FPOs initiative aims to organize farmers into producer organizations to increase their bargaining power and market access.
Key Objective

Form 10,000 FPOs across India.; Provide training, credit, and market linkage support.; Empower farmers through collective action and cooperative marketing.
Expected Outcome

Enhanced bargaining power for farmers.; Increased market access and pro itability for small farmers.; Improved access to credit and technology.
Challenges

Inadequate capacity building for FPO members.; Resistance to cooperative models among farmers.; Limited market infrastructure for FPOs.
Future Directions

Strengthening ffinancial and technical support for FPOs.; Expanding the scope to include more regions.; Promoting success stories to encourage more farmers to join FPOs.
Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana About

Launched in December 2024 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Aims to enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming. Key Objective : Boost farmers' income through advanced technology, ffinancial inclusion, and market linkages. Expected Outcome : Increased crop yield, enhanced farmer incomes, and improved rural economy. Challenges : Limited outreach in remote areas, inconsistent…
GS3 Agriculture & Allied Relevant for discussing

GS3 Agriculture & Allied Relevant for discussing optimal utilization of surface Activities, Infrastructure, and groundwater, lood management, river interlinking, Sustainable Development and improving water availability for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.
Objectives Enhance Irrigation Coverage

Expand the cultivable area under assured irrigation and improve on- farm water use ef iciency.; Sustainable Water Management: Introduce sustainable water conservation practices and enhance the physical access of water on farms.
Components Accelerated Irrigation Bene it

Focuses on fast-tracking irrigation projects.; Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP): Consists of four sub-components:; Command Area Development & Water Management (CAD&WM): Integrated with AIBP for effective irrigation management.; Surface Minor Irrigation (SMI): Focuses on minor irrigation projects.; Repair, Renovation, and Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies: Enhances water bodies' capacity.; Ground Water (GW) Development…
Progress West Bengal Specifics

Per Drop More Crop: 66.5 thousand hectares covered under micro-irrigation.; Watershed Development: 14,966 water harvesting structures created, covering 18,033 hectares.; Special Initiatives:; National Projects: Fffinancial aid for key projects like Lakhwar, Shahpur Kandi Dam, Polavaram, and Ken-Betwa interlinking.; Maharashtra Package: Support for 83 surface minor and 8 major irrigation projects in drought-prone…
More on News

The PM-DDKY, announced in the Budget earlier this year, aims at increasing agricultural productivity and sustainable practices with an annual outlay of ₹24,000 crore.
About Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

To uplift 100 districts with low agricultural productivity, low cropping intensity, and limited credit access.; Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare in collaboration with State Governments.; Department of Fffinancial Services and NABARD assisting with farm credit data collection.; Objectives:; Enhance agricultural productivity.; Promote crop diversification and sustainable agricultural…
About PM AASHA Scheme

Launch: The Integrated PM AASHA Scheme was launched in 2018.; Objective: To ensure remunerative prices for farmers through effective procurement operations and price support mechanisms.; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare; It is a Central Sector Scheme implemented through Central Nodal Agencies (NAFED, NCCF) in coordination with State Governments.
Component Crops Covered Key Features
Price Support Pulses, Oilseeds, and Copra

Procurement managed by NAFED and FCI. Scheme (PSS) (meeting FAQ standards); Farmers sell directly at MSP through state agencies.; 100% procurement of Tur, Urad, and Masur to reduce imports
Price Stabilization Pulses and Onions

Maintains a buffer stock of pulses and Fund (PSF) onions; Procurement through eSamridhi (NAFED) & eSamyukti (NCCF).; Procurement is triggered when the market price exceeds MSP
Price De icit Payment All oilseeds with a noti ied

Farmers receive direct payment for the Scheme (PDPS) MSP difference between MSP & market price; States can choose PSS or PDPS for oilseeds.; Coverage expanded to 40% of oilseed production for 4 months
Market Intervention For Perishable crops such

Increased coverage from 20% to 25% of Scheme (MIS) as Tomato, Onion, and production Potato.; Direct cash payments replace physical procurement; The government covers transportation and storage costs for TOP crops
GS2 Governance, Rural Use to demonstrate government

GS2 Governance, Rural Use to demonstrate government efforts in providing Development, Sustainable renewable energy solutions for farmers, reducing diesel Energy reliance
GS3 Agriculture, Renewable Relevant for discussing

GS3 Agriculture, Renewable Relevant for discussing water and energy security, Energy, Environmental environmental sustainability, and income enhancement Protection through clean energy
Overview

Launched in 2019, the PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan) scheme aims to promote the use of solar energy in the agriculture sector.; It targets the installation of 30.8 GW of solar capacity by March 31, 2026.; A Central Fffinancial Support of ₹34,422 crore is allocated to aid implementation.
Objectives De-dieselisation

Reduce reliance on diesel-based irrigation pumps.; Water & Energy Security: Provide uninterrupted and sustainable energy access to farmers.; Income Generation: Enable farmers to generate income by selling surplus solar power.; Environmental Protection: Promote clean energy to reduce pollution and carbon footprint.
Salient Features Demand-Driven Scheme

Open to all farmers, with allocation based on state/UT-specific demand.
Impact Energy Security

Ensures a stable and renewable energy supply to farmers, reducing reliance on diesel.; Economic Bene its: Increases farmers' income through solar power production and savings on diesel costs.
Environmental Impact

Decreases carbon emissions and promotes sustainable farming practices.; Community Empowerment: Provides ffinancial and infrastructure support to farmers, cooperatives, and local communities
GS2 Governance, Welfare Use to discuss direct

GS2 Governance, Welfare Use to discuss direct income support for farmers, Schemes, Rural promoting inclusive and sustainable agricultural Development growth
GS3 Agriculture, Economic Relevant for highlighting

GS3 Agriculture, Economic Relevant for highlighting income support, Growth, Inclusive agricultural sustainability, and reducing farmer Development distress
Eligibility

Applicable to cultivable landholding farmer families, with exclusion criteria based on income levels, landholding size, etc.; Coverage: Over 11 crore eligible farmer families across India benefit from the scheme.
GS3 Agriculture, Risk Relevant for discussions on

GS3 Agriculture, Risk Relevant for discussions on crop insurance, risk Mitigation, Inclusive management, and ensuring continuity of farming Growth activities
Overview

The PMFBY was launched in 2016 for providing comprehensive crop insurance to farmers across India.; The scheme is implemented under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
Objectives Key Features Premium Structure

Kharif Crops: 2%; Rabi Crops: 1.5%; Annual Commercial and Horticultural Crops: 5%; The government subsidizes the remaining premium, shared equally between central and state governments.; No Upper Limit: The government covers the entire premium, even if it reaches 90%.; Area-Based Approach:; Insurance is based on defined areas for each crop, ensuring uniform risk exposure.; The insurance unit is set at the…
Eligibility Farmers

All farmers growing noti ied crops with an insurable interest in a designated area.\
mandatory for loanee farmers with Crop L

mandatory for loanee farmers with Crop Loan or KCC accounts).
Coverage Risks Covered

Natural disasters like fire, storm, hailstorm, flood, drought, and more.; Post-harvest losses for up to 14 days for crops in “cut & spread” condition.; Localized risks like hailstorms, landslides, and inundation affecting isolated farms.; Indemnity Claims: Covers up to 25% of the sum insured if adverse weather conditions prevent sowing/planting.
Recent Changes

The scheme became optional for all farmers in 2020.; Premium Subsidy: Central subsidy capped at 30% for unirrigated areas and 25% for irrigated areas.
Impact Fffinancial Stability

Ensures ffinancial security and resilience for farmers against natural disasters.; Promotes Modernization: Encourages the use of advanced techniques and technologies in agriculture.
Wide Coverage

Provides insurance for individual farms across the country, covering localised disasters and post-harvest losses.; Transparency and Ef iciency: Technology integration enhances the transparency of claim processing and assessment.; No Premium Capping: Farmers are guaranteed full claim amounts without deductions, regardless of the premium subsidy.
Collection of Real-Time Observations & Photos of

CROPIC Scheme Context: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare plans to launch CROPIC under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
National Mission on Edible Oils

Oil Palm (NMEO-OP)
GS3 Agriculture, Food Security, Relevant for

GS3 Agriculture, Food Security, Relevant for discussing strategies to increase Import Substitution domestic edible oil production and reduce the import burden
Overview

Launched in 2021, National Mission on Edible Oils is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.; It is being implemented under Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.
Objectives

Increase domestic edible oil production, focusing on oil palm.; Reduce import burden of palm oil, currently costing Rs. 40,000 crore annually.; Achieve national self-suf iciency in edible oils.
Salient Features Target Area Expansion

Increase oil palm cultivation from 3.7 lakh hectares (2019-20) to 10 lakh hectares by 2025- 26.; Target 3.22 lakh hectares in general states and 3.28 lakh hectares in North Eastern states.; Crude Palm Oil Production: Raise production from 0.27 lakh tonnes (2019-20) to 11.20 lakh tonnes by 2025-26.; Consumer Awareness: To Maintain per capita consumption of edible oils at 19.00 kg/person/annum till 2025-26.; Seedling…
Productivity Improvement

Enhance Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) productivity and increase drip irrigation coverage.; Encourage diversification from low-yield cereal crops to oil palm cultivation.; Inter-Cropping: Promote inter-cropping during the 4-year gestation period for economic returns to farmers.
GS3 Agriculture, Sustainable Relevant for

GS3 Agriculture, Sustainable Relevant for discussions on national food security, Farming, Fertilizer improved agricultural productivity, and promote Management balanced fertiliser application.
Overview Purpose

Provide fertilisers to farmers at subsidised prices.; Type: Central Sector Scheme.
Objective

Ensure national food security, improve agricultural productivity, and promote balanced fertiliser application.
Salient Features Background

Deregulation of P&K fertilisers in 1992 led to price hikes and overuse of Nitrogen, causing soil nutrient imbalance and reduced productivity. The Concession Scheme (1992-2010) addressed this until the NBS scheme was introduced in 2010.; NBS Subsidy Payment:; IMC recommends annual subsidies for each nutrient based on its recommendations.; Additional subsidies are provided for fortified fertilisers with secondary and…
Integrated Fertilizer Monitoring System (iFMS)

Tracks all aspects of fertiliser production, movement, availability, sales, and subsidy payments.; PM-PRANAM Scheme (from June 2023): Supports sustainable fertiliser use, promotes organic farming, and offers grants to States/UTs that reduce chemical fertiliser consumption compared to the previous three-year average.
National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013

57. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013
GS3 Agriculture, Public Relevant for discussing

GS3 Agriculture, Public Relevant for discussing food security, subsidized food Distribution, Rural grain distribution, and the role of TPDS in rural areas Development
Objective

Legally entitles eligible households to receive subsidised food grains through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
Crop Cluster Development Programme

Haryana The Crop Cluster Development Programme focuses on enhancing post-harvest management infrastructure for horticultural produce. It aims to establish 400 potential horticultural clusters, form 683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up 140 integrated pack houses with government fffinancial support. These pack houses include facilities like collection centres, cold storage, grading/packing units…
Impact

Direct purchase and marketing of produce, boosting farmers' income.; Reduced post-harvest losses and improved produce quality through cold chains.; Enhanced agricultural productivity through better crop and produce management.
Direct and Full Benefit of MSP

Government of India The shift from indirect to direct payment of Minimum Support Price (MSP) via online transfer has greatly benefited farmers in Haryana and Punjab.
Impact

Record high fund transfers to farmers.; Timely payments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).; Increased transparency and reduced reliance on moneylenders.
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 1
Dr. YSR Rythu Bharosa Kendralu

Andhra Pradesh. The initiative focuses on providing quality inputs for agriculture and allied sectors, promoting knowledge transfer, and offering capacity-building services.
Impact

Higher yields and improved crop quality.; Ensured the supply of quality agricultural inputs.; Farmers can sell their produce at RBKS procurement centers within the village.; Fffirst-of-its-kind service in the nation, offering a comprehensive “seed to sale” approach.
Climate Resilient Rice-Fish Farming

Assam The initiative promotes pisciculture in Assam's paddy fields, utilizing the symbiotic relationship between rice plants and fish.
Impact

Increased organic fertilization through fish excreta and feed remains.; Improved tillering of rice seedlings due to fish activity.; Control of algae and weeds by phytophagous fish thereby reducing competition for light and nutrients.
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

5. Odisha Millets Mission The Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) aims to promote the production and consumption of millets while preserving indigenous culture.
Impact

Reached 1.18 lakh farmers in 2021-22.; Over 200 crores transferred to farmers via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) at remunerative prices.; Inclusion of Ragi ladoos in the ICDS program.; NGOs, FPOs, and Women SHGs were involved in scaling up the initiative.
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 2
Black Rice Initiative

Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh The initiative to promote black rice cultivation in Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, aims to increase farmers' income through organic farming. Impact:; Increased farmers' income due to better prices for black rice and reduced use of chemical fertilizers.; Chandauli also known as the “rice bowl of Uttar Pradesh,” benefits from this sustainable farming practice.; The demand for black rice…
Horticulture Price Agreement Initiative

Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh To make farming profitable by guaranteeing maximum price procurement and partnerships in local micro processing units, while generating employment for local youth.
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 3
Yantradoot Scheme

Madhya Pradesh To increase farm mechanization among small and marginal farmers by providing access to modern agricultural machinery through demonstrations and Custom Hiring Centres.
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 4
683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 5
Impact

Mission Jeevika was implemented through 22 Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) by the SC & ST Development Department and Odisha Tribal Development Society. It supported 83,000 tribal beneficiaries and nurtured 554 farm and off-farm production clusters. The initiative promoted agriculture, livestock, rural enterprises, processing, marketing, handicrafts, and handlooms through SHGs, producer groups, quality…
DMFT-led Development Planning

Dhanbad, Jharkhand To improve development outcomes in mining-affected areas by converging state plans with District Mineral Foundation Trust funds through village-level microplanning and need-based interventions.
Impact

Local women managers were trained to serve as managers for collectives, providing day-to-day managerial services.; Uddyam linked Warli artisans to institutional buyers, promoting their products.; A cadre of local community professionals was trained to help the community access government schemes and entitlements.; Agri-extension services were provided to 10,554 farmers, resulting in the sale of 300+ tonnes of agri…
9 E-Governance and Digitization Initiatives

2. Farmer Registration and Unified Beneficiary Information System (FRUITS) The objective of the Farmer Registration and Unified Beneficiary Information System (FRUITS) is to create a comprehensive database of farmers in Karnataka, facilitating the faster and targeted delivery of agriculture-related services through an advanced IT platform.
Impact

Aadhaar-based farmer registration overcomes the limitations of manual and isolated IT systems.; FRUITS serves as a one-stop platform for accessing all farmer details.; It simplifies the administration of minimum support prices and procurement center locations.; The platform acts as a repository for agricultural loans, integrating farmers into institutional finance.; Kisan Credit Card (KCC) data is cross-checked with…
Impact

Kutumba's social registry creates individual and family attributes, streamlining the identification of beneficiaries and their entitlements.; The Suvidha platform allows citizens to check eligibility and enroll in multiple schemes using their Kutumba ID.; Aadhaar-enabled payment system ensures direct benefit transfers, improving the delivery of welfare benefits.; The system has led to the identification of…
Impact

The community radio highlights many issues, from food sovereignty, organic farming to women’s health and empowerment and problems faced by children.
10 Women's Empowerment

Multi-Activity Centres for Livelihood Generation (Chhattisgarh) The initiative focuses on creating livelihood opportunities for local women through the involvement of women’s SHGs in activities like super compost production, vermicomposting, mushroom plantation, and horticulture. It also integrates technology with the creation of a 'Gauthan Map' mobile app for managing procurement, outputs, and cattle sheds.
Impact

The initiative has led to the purchase of cow dung worth over ₹116 crore under the Godhan Nyay Yojana, with people selling cow dung at ₹2/kg.; ₹100 crore worth of compost has been procured and sold, contributing to ₹300 crore transferred to cow dung vendors in the last two years.; The initiative addresses soil fertility depletion due to excessive chemical use and promotes sustainable farming.; It helps reduce…
Crop Cluster Development Programme – Haryana

The Crop Cluster Development Programme focuses on enhancing post-harvest management infrastructure for horticultural produce. It aims to establish 400 potential horticultural clusters, form 683 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and set up 140 integrated pack houses with government fffinancial support. These pack houses include facilities like collection centres, cold storage, grading/packing units, primary…
Direct and Full Benefit of MSP – Government of India

The shift from indirect to direct payment of Minimum Support Price (MSP) via online transfer has greatly benefited farmers in Haryana and Punjab. Impact:; Record high fund transfers to farmers.; Timely payments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).; Increased transparency and reduced reliance on moneylenders.; Topics where it can be Applied: Issues Related to MSP, e-Governance.; How to Use:; Apply this case to…
Dr. YSR Rythu Bharosa Kendralu – Andhra Pradesh.

The initiative focuses on providing quality inputs for agriculture and allied sectors, promoting knowledge transfer, and offering capacity-building services. Impact:; Higher yields and improved crop quality.; Ensured the supply of quality agricultural inputs.; Farmers can sell their produce at RBKS procurement centers within the village.; Fffirst-of-its-kind service in the nation, offering a comprehensive “seed to…
Climate Resilient Rice-Fish Farming – Assam

The initiative promotes pisciculture in Assam's paddy fields, utilizing the symbiotic relationship between rice plants and fish. Impact:; Increased organic fertilization through fish excreta and feed remains.; Improved tillering of rice seedlings due to fish activity.; Control of algae and weeds by phytophagous fish thereby reducing competition for light and nutrients.; Topics where it can be Applied: Integrated…
Odisha Millets Mission

The Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) aims to promote the production and consumption of millets while preserving indigenous culture. Impact:; Reached 1.18 lakh farmers in 2021-22.; Over 200 crores transferred to farmers via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) at remunerative prices.; Inclusion of Ragi ladoos in the ICDS program.; NGOs, FPOs, and Women SHGs were involved in scaling up the initiative. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES…
Black Rice Initiative – Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh

The initiative to promote black rice cultivation in Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, aims to increase farmers' income through organic farming. Impact:; Increased farmers' income due to better prices for black rice and reduced use of chemical fertilizers.; Chandauli also known as the “rice bowl of Uttar Pradesh,” benefits from this sustainable farming practice.; The demand for black rice drives the initiative in…
Agriculture Entrepreneur Scheme - Ramgarh, Jharkhand

To develop a sustainable and scalable model of agricultural development by training selected 'Agri- Entrepreneurs' in best farming practices and efficient resource management. Impact:; The scheme has inspired the local community in adopting advanced agricultural practices, reducing reliance on middlemen, and reversing rural-urban migration by showcasing the economic viability of modern farming.; Topics where it can…
Horticulture Price Agreement Initiative -

To make farming profitable by guaranteeing maximum price procurement and partnerships in local micro processing units, while generating employment for local youth. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 3 Impact:; The initiative in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, directly benefits over 85% of the district's farming population, including marginalized groups, by enhancing income and employment opportunities.; Topics where it can be…
Solar Power Driven Khawa Cluster to Boost Milk

To provide an alternative and profitable livelihood for farmers by organizing them into cooperatives to produce and sell Khawa (reduced dry milk), especially during severe droughts. Impact; The initiative in Osmanabad has led to the formation of 150 cooperatives producing 35,000 kgs of Khawa daily, boosting the milk industry, promoting sustainable development, and skilling over 1,000 youth annually for integration…
Yantradoot Scheme - Madhya Pradesh

To increase farm mechanization among small and marginal farmers by providing access to modern agricultural machinery through demonstrations and Custom Hiring Centres. Impact:; The scheme improved access to mechanized farm equipment for small landholders who could not afford individual ownership of costly machines.; Field demonstrations helped farmers adopt improved agricultural practices, while Custom Hiring Centres…
Matsya Mitra Initiative - Jharkhand

To promote aquaculture as an alternative livelihood by mobilising farmers, improving scientific fish cultivation, strengthening market linkages, and increasing fish production in Jharkhand Impact: More than 3,600 Matsya Mitras supported farmers by collecting field information, assessing pond-water quality, guiding farmers, and helping district fisheries officers in resource documentation. Fish cultivation emerged as…
CROPSAP: Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory

To prevent crop losses from pest outbreaks by using an ICT-based real-time pest surveillance and advisory system for timely detection, monitoring, and farmer guidance. Impact: The initiative was launched after the 2008-09 soybean pest outbreak in Maharashtra, which affected 48% of the soybean cultivation area and caused losses of around ₹1,392 crore. After implementation, Maharashtra has not witnessed any major pest…

Farm Subsidies and PDS

Subsidies

Committee and; LK Jha committee Commissions; Shanta Kumar Committee; Kelkar committee
Public Distribution System

Schemes and; Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) ,Adhaar Linked and digitized ration cards Initiatives; Computerized Fair Price Shops, Direct Benefit Transfer; Use of GPS technology, SMS-based monitoring; Use of web-based citizens portal, One Nation, One Ration Card

Food Processing

Sector Overview & Valuation GVA (2023–24)

₹2.24 lakh crore; up from ₹1.34 lakh crore in 2014–15.; Contribution to manufacturing GVA: 7.93%.; Employment: 12.41% of employment in registered/organised manufacturing.; Exports: Processed food accounted for 20.4% of total agri-food exports in 2024–25.
Growth & Infrastructure Livestock CAGR (2014–23)

7.38%, Fisheries CAGR: 8.9%, and food processing CAGR: 6.55% during nine years ending 2023–24.; Processing Rates: Fruits & vegetables remain very low; older estimates place F&V at ~2%, marine products ~8%, milk ~35% and poultry ~6%.; Food Wastage: Post-harvest losses persist due to storage and logistics gaps; cold-chain projects have shown major loss reduction in fisheries and dairy. Fdi, Exports & Investment Role…
Food Processing Sector

Market Structure & Challenges; Over 75% of food processing units are unorganised; Perishable food processing remains low (~6%); Significant post-harvest losses (25–35%) Weak backward and forward linkages with farmers Policy Schemes & Incentives; PLI Scheme for Food Processing (PLI-FPI); Mega Food Park Scheme: Cluster-based infra with 24 parks operational; PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises…

Land Reforms

Land Reforms

Land Record Digitisation and Svamitva Scheme; Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP):; 94% of villages have completed computerisation of land records.; 89% of Record of Rights (RoR) digitised as of March 2025.; BhuNaksha covers digitised cadastral maps in 77% of districts.; SVAMITVA Scheme Achievements (till March 2025):; Drone surveys completed in over 3.17 lakh villages.; 2.19 crore property…
Legal And Judicial Concerns Litigation burden

Over 66% of civil court cases are related to land/property disputes.; Annual estimated cost of such litigation is ₹58,000 crore.; Causes: Fragmentation, unclear inheritance, multiple revenue records, and lack of conclusive titles contribute to delays and high pendency.
Legal provisions and committees

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act, 2013; Model Conclusive Land Titling Act, 2021 (proposed by MoPR); Land Ceiling Acts (state-specific); Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016 (NITI Aayog); Committees: J.C. Kumarappa Committee (tenancy and ownership reforms) and T. Haque Committee on Land Leasing
Best Practices From States Karnataka – Bhoomi and

Online land record and registration integration.; Andhra Pradesh – Mee Seva: Citizen-friendly platform for accessing records.; Telangana – Dharani Portal: One-stop platform for all land and property services.; Blockchain Initiatives: Pilots conducted in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh to secure land records.

Infrastructure

Industry and Infrastructure

Sectoral Contribution And Growth; Industry/secondary sector contributed about 25.3% to India’s nominal GVA in FY 2025–26.; The sector grew at 6.2%, with manufacturing and construction each estimated to grow at 7.0%.; Manufacturing employed 12.1% and construction 12.0% of workers in 2025, together accounting for about 24.1% of the workforce, excluding utilities.
Industry and Infrastructure

Manufacturing And Industrial Output; India is among the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world.; The manufacturing sector employed 6.24 crore workers in 2019–20.; Industrial output recorded a strong post-Covid recovery, growing over 35% in FY 2021–22.; India is the 2nd largest mobile phone manufacturer globally.; India is the 3rd largest startup ecosystem in the world.
Industry and Infrastructure

Investment Trends And Private Sector Role; The private sector accounted for 69% of total proposed investments in FY 2023–24.; This is a sharp increase from 49% in FY 2020 and 30% in FY 2017–18, indicating greater private sector confidence. Msme Sector Performance; Over 4.77 crore MSMEs are registered under the Udyam portal.; MSMEs provide employment to around 20.5 crore people.; Contribute around 35% to total…
Industry and Infrastructure

Electronics Manufacturing; The electronics market expanded from US$ 10 billion in 2014 to US$ 75 billion in 2022.; 97% of mobile devices sold in India are now manufactured domestically (up from 8% in 2014).; The electronics sector received 66% of the total FDI in manufacturing over the last three years. INFRASTRUCTURE AND POLICY INITIATIVES: PM Gati Shakti, National Logistics Policy, Production Linked Incentive…
Committees And Commissions Bimal Jalan Committee

fiscal and monetary policy.; Kirit Parikh Committee – pricing and energy reforms.; Baba Kalyani Committee – SEZ reform.; Subhash Chandra Committee – industrial development.; Kelkar Committee – PPP model reform.
Overview Total road length

66.71 lakh km (2nd largest in the world).; National Highways (NH): 1.46 lakh km; Covers only 2.2% of total roads; Carries over 40% of road traffic
State Highways

1.79 lakh km; Other Roads: 63.45 lakh km Growth and Expansion; NH network expanded by 60% from 2014 to 2024.; New expressways allow high-speed (up to 120 km/h) travel.; Projects like Delhi–Mumbai Expressway and Eastern Peripheral Expressway completed.
Roadways

Investment and Initiatives; ₹275 lakh crore allocated for the road sector under National Infrastructure Pipeline (2019–25).; Record highway spending in 2023–24 (~₹2 lakh crore).; Key reasons for delays: land acquisition, environmental clearance, and contractor issues.
Transport Share Goods transport

64.5% by road.; Passenger movement: 90% by road.
Roadways

Safety and Emissions; Around 1.73 lakh deaths due to road accidents (~474 deaths per day).; Speeding causes over 60% of road fatalities.; Goal for 2030: reduce traffic deaths by 50%.; Transport sector contributes 13% of India’s carbon emissions.
Major Schemes Bharatmala Pariyojana

National highway development and economic corridors.; PM Gram Sadak Yojana: Rural road connectivity.; Golden Quadrilateral: Links Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.; North-South and East-West Corridors: Strategic highway links.
Roadways

Institutional Framework; Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH); National Highways Authority of India (NHAI); Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
Network & Electrification Total route length

~68,584 km (4th largest globally under single management).; Electrified route: ~68,952 km (covers ~99% of the broad-gauge network).
Freight & Traffic Freight loading in FY 2023–24

1,591 million tonnes (highest ever).; Goal: Increase rail share in freight movement from 27% to 45% by 2030.; Target freight load: From 1.2 billion tonnes to 3.3 billion tonnes by 2030.
Capital Expenditure & Revenue FY 2024–25 Capex

₹2.62 lakh crore (77% rise over earlier years).; Previous Capex (FY 2019–23): ₹2.5 lakh crore.
FY 2023–24 revenue surplus

₹3,260 crore.; Workforce: ~1.25 million employees.
Railways

Major Projects & Modernisation; Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail (Bullet Train) under implementation.; 136 Vande Bharat semi-high-speed trains deployed.; Dedicated Freight Corridors operational, running ~240 trains daily.; KAVACH anti-collision system deployed on priority routes.; Amrit Bharat Station Scheme: Upgradation of over 1,000 stations.; Kisan Rail trains operate for transport of farm produce.; Bio-toilets…
Railways

Digital & Safety Initiatives; Online platforms include UTS App, Rail MADAD, and Rail SAARTHI.; Modern signalling using interlocking and automation expanded.; Exploration of hyperloop technology and AI-based station surveillance.
Railways

Green Goals; Target to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2030.; Electrification of the entire broad-gauge network nearing completion.; Push for electric vehicle integration in station-area transport.
Aviation

Key Facts; India is the third-largest domestic aviation market in the world, after the USA and China.; The MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) market stands at USD 900 million, projected to reach USD 4.33 billion by 2025.; Growth rate: Estimated 14–15% CAGR.
Aviation

Infrastructure; Number of airports increased from 74 in 2014 to 148 by April 2023.; 66 airports are operating on 100% green energy.
Aviation

Passenger Traffic; From January to September 2023, domestic airlines carried 112.86 million passengers.; This represents a 29.10% increase over the same period in 2022.
Aviation

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi); FDI in aviation sector reached USD 3.73 billion (2000–2022).
Aviation

Global Ranking; As per ICAO rankings, India improved from 102nd position in 2018 to 48th position in aviation safety.
Key Schemes and Initiatives UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam

Promotes regional air connectivity by making air travel affordable.; National Civil Aviation Policy (2016): Focuses on safety, regional connectivity, and MRO services.; GST Reform: GST on domestic MRO services was reduced from 18% to 5%.; Open Sky Agreement: Allows increased international connectivity.; Digi Yatra: Facilitates paperless and seamless air travel.
Key Data Coastline

7,516.6 km; Ports: Major Ports-12 and Minor Ports: ~200; Traffic Share: Major Ports: 57% and Minor Ports: 43%; Trade via Maritime Transport: 95% by volume and 68% by value
Inland Waterways Navigable Waterways

~14,850 km; National Waterways (NWs): Total: 111 (declared under National Waterways Act, 2016); Cargo Movement (FY22):; 108.8 million tonnes (highest ever); Growth: 30.1% over previous year; Modal Share: Waterways contribute just 2% to the national transport mix (underutilized)
Constitutional And Legal Provisions Entry 24,

Port development under central jurisdiction; Acts: Indian Ports Act, 1908, Major Ports Trust Act, 1963, National Waterways Act, 2016
Major Government Schemes / Initiatives Sagarmala

Port-led development; Maritime India Vision 2030: Modernization and global competitiveness; Jal Marg Vikas Project: Enhancing capacity of National Waterway-1; PM Gati Shakti: Integrated infrastructure and connectivity; Eastern & Western Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs); Riverine Development Fund & Eastern Waterways Connectivity; Promotion of Coastal and Inland Water Transport
Ports and Waterways

3.20. Logistics
Ports and Waterways

Logistics Cost & Sector Size; Logistics cost in India is estimated at 7.97% of GDP in FY 2023–24, as per the DPIIT-NCAER assessment.; The logistics sector was valued at USD 215 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow at 10.7% CAGR till 2026.
Ports and Waterways

Modal Share In Freight; 65% of India’s freight is transported by road, indicating an overdependence on one mode. Railways, waterways and air freight remain underutilized. Key Government Initiatives; PM Gati Shakti: Multimodal infrastructure coordination.; Bharatmala: Highway and corridor development.; Sagarmala: Port-led development.; Parvatmala: Ropeway connectivity in hilly areas.; UDAN: Regional air…
Ports and Waterways

Policy Goals and Targets; Reduce logistics cost to 9% by 2025 and 8% by 2030.; Improve Logistics Performance Index ranking (currently 38th globally).; Build a tech-enabled, data-driven logistics ecosystem.
Ports and Waterways

State-Level Performance; Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) Index tracks state-wise performance.; Uttar Pradesh ranked highest in the latest LEADS index.
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

1. Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 1
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 2
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

3. National Population Policy, 2000
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 3
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 4
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 5
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 6
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

6. Transformation of Aspirational Districts Programme (TADP)
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND POLICIES 7
1 Important Schemes and Policies in Detail

GS3 Economic Development,; The programme can be cited to showcase how Infrastructure, Social technology is used for real-time tracking and Infrastructure, and Technology data-driven decision-making. in Governance; Relevant for Highlighting effectiveness of economic development through local strengths and inter-agency collaboration.
Overview Collaborating Bodies

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology (DST).; Aim: Establish a cutting-edge supercomputing(PARAM Series) infrastructure in India to bolster research, computational power, and innovation across diverse sectors.; Key Implementing Agencies:; Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC); Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
Smart Cities and Approach

infrastructure; Create frameworks for ethical AI development; Transportation.; Promote fair use of AI; Prevent discriminatory practices
Roadmap for India’s AI Future Execution

Success depends on adapting to technological changes, mitigating risks, and upholding fairness and transparency principles in AI development
Green Hydrogen Mission Objectives 1. Green Hydrogen

Produce at least 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030. 2. Renewable Energy Capacity: Develop 125 GW of additional renewable energy capacity, directly linked to green hydrogen production. 3. Fossil Fuel Substitution: Reduce India’s dependence on fossil fuel imports and lower greenhouse gas emissions. 4. Export Hub: Position India as a net exporter of green hydrogen and its derivatives.
Key Features 1. Comprehensive Support

The mission covers the entire green hydrogen value chain, including the manufacturing of electrolysers and production of hydrogen. 2. Incentives for Domestic Production: Programs like SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition) will stimulate domestic technology and infrastructure development. 3. Hydrogen Hubs: Identi ication of designated Green Hydrogen Hubs for large-scale production and…
Key Features

Eight National Missions The NAPCC includes eight strategic missions focused on different areas of climate action. 1. National Solar Mission; Objective: Promote solar energy as a sustainable power source.; Target: Achieve 100 GW solar power capacity by 2022 (originally 20 GW). 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Ef iciency (NMEEE); Objective: Boost energy ef iciency across sectors.; Focus: Implement policies and…
Additional Information Interest Subvention

2% for prompt repayment of Shishu loans for 12 months (under Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan).; Credit Guarantee Fund: Established to provide guarantees for micro unit loans up to ₹10 lakh, overdrafts under PMJDY, and SHG portfolios.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Welfare Schemes, Livelihood Use in isheries sector governance, doubling Support for Vulnerable Groups ishers’ income, and rural livelihood support
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Sustainable For showcasing government’s push towards green Development, Climate mobility and reducing carbon emissions in transport Action sector
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Infrastructure, Sustainable For discussions on EV adoption, infrastructure Transport, Innovation development, and innovation in clean energy transport
Objectives Accelerate EV Adoption

Facilitate faster adoption of electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three- wheelers (e-3W) to boost green mobility.; Enhance EV Manufacturing Ecosystem: Support the development of a robust electric vehicle manufacturing infrastructure in India.; Promote Affordable Transportation: Provide affordable and eco-friendly public transportation options for commercial and private use.
Background Launch

on June 1, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.; Implemented by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.; Purpose: To support street vendors through micro-credit, fostering entrepreneurship and providing ffinancial support during challenging times.; Funding: Total loans disbursed: ₹9,152 crore as of October 26, 2023.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS3 Infrastructure, Economic Relevant for highlighting the role of affordable housing Growth, Inclusive in inclusive growth and rural-urban development Development
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

GS2 Governance, Rural Use to demonstrate decentralized governance, Development, Welfare community participation, and rural water supply Schemes initiatives GS3 Infrastructure, Water Relevant for discussing universal water access, rural Resources, Inclusive infrastructure development, and sustainable resource Development management
Salient Features Implementation Strategy

A collaborative effort between the Government of India and State/UT Governments. States are responsible for planning, execution, and ongoing maintenance, with technical and ffinancial support provided by the Centre.
Key Features

Aim: To facilitate integrated planning, investigation, and development of water resources at the river basin level, including both surface water and groundwater systems.; Approach: It emphasizes integrated planning and development of water resources to ensure optimal utilization; Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti.; Geographical Scope and Priority Areas: The RBM Scheme primarily focuses on strategically…
GS3 MSMEs, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for

GS3 MSMEs, Inclusive Growth, Relevant for highlighting the development of micro and Infrastructure small enterprises and their role in inclusive growth
Overview

The MSE-CDP and SFURTI schemes, under the Ministry of MSME, focus on improving the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) through cluster-based development.; These demand-driven schemes help MSMEs collaborate and strengthen their infrastructure, boosting overall industry growth.
Objective Enhance Competitiveness

Improve the productivity and market position of MSMEs.; Cluster-Based Approach: Encourage collaboration among enterprises for shared benefits like infrastructure and marketing.
Key Features Fffinancial Support

Common Facility Centers (CFCs): 60-70% of project costs are funded by the government.; Infrastructure Development (ID) Projects: 50-60% of the cost is borne by the government.; No Cap on Project Cost: However, central assistance has an upper funding limit.; SPV Structure: Entrepreneurs form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to avail of the benefits, ensuring coordinated cluster growth.
Impact Maharashtra's Achievements

30 CFC projects approved and 14 completed.; 27 SFURTI clusters approved, with 16 operational.; Boosting Economic Growth: The schemes improve infrastructure, foster collaboration, and enhance market competitiveness, contributing significantly to the economic growth of MSEs and traditional industries.
Sagarmala Programme

46. Sagarmala Programme
GS3 Infrastructure, Transport, Relevant for

GS3 Infrastructure, Transport, Relevant for highlighting port connectivity, harnessing Regional Development waterways, and boosting trade and economic development
Objective Port-Led Development

Enhance the productivity and connectivity of India’s ports to support economic growth.; Harnessing Coastline: Utilise India’s 7,500 km coastline and 14,500 km of navigable waterways for trade.
Technology and Innovation

National Technology Centre for Ports, Waterways and Coasts (NTPC): Established at IIT Chennai to develop solutions for the maritime sector.; Mandate: To develop cutting-edge technologies and application products to provide solutions to various challenges faced by the Ports and Shipping Sector.; Comprehensive Port Connectivity Plan (CPCP):; 107 road and rail connectivity projects identified to improve port…
Bharatmala Pariyojana

47. Bharatmala Pariyojana
GS2 Governance, Infrastructure Use to demonstrate

GS2 Governance, Infrastructure Use to demonstrate the role of road infrastructure Development, Economic development in enhancing connectivity and Growth economic growth
Objective Optimising Ef iciency

Improve the movement of goods and people by enhancing road infrastructure across India, thus fostering economic integration and regional development.
Salient Features Comprehensive Road Network

Focus on creating a well-connected highway network that integrates economic centres, ports, and border areas.
Key Components

Fffinancial Support: Primarily funded by the Central Government with additional resources mobilized by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways.; Safety Measures:; Road safety audits for 32,971 km completed by FY20, with an additional 40,000 km targeted by FY24.; 5,785 blackspots identified and rectified to reduce accidents.; Innovative Features: Solar-powered expressways introduced on the Eastern Peripheral…
Impact of the Bharatmala Pariyojna Travel Time

High-speed corridors reduce travel time by 40-50% between major economic hubs.; Economic Growth: Enhanced connectivity facilitates trade and economic activities by linking production and consumption centres.; Environmental Bene its: Green ield expressways help in reducing congestion and promote more efficient fuel usage, contributing to lower emissions.; Regional Development: Improves connectivity in remote and…
Salient Features Network Planning Group (NPG)

Evaluates projects over ₹500 crore for holistic assessments.; Inter-Ministerial Integration: Reduces logistic costs by coordinating infrastructure efforts across sectors.; Spatial Planning Tools: Utilizes ISRO imagery and GIS-based tools from BiSAG-N for better project visualization and tracking.; Cross-Sectoral Coverage: Integrates initiatives like Bharatmala, Sagarmala, UDAN, and economic zones.; Technology…
7 Fffinancial Inclusion Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 27
Bank Credit Facilitation Scheme

Simplifying Access to Finance - Pan-India To improve access to formal credit for MSMEs by simplifying bank-credit facilitation and reducing procedural barriers in loan access.
7 Fffinancial Inclusion Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 28
8 Energy Conservation Initiatives

1. Telangana State Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) The initiative focuses on the effective implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by the State government of Telangana to promote energy efficiency in commercial buildings.
A Success Story The objective is to promote the use

A Success Story The objective is to promote the use of ethanol produced from sugarcane as a cleaner, more sustainable fuel blended with petrol, thereby reducing India's dependency on imported fossil fuels and supporting the sugar industry.
Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

Real-world Examples: These case studies provide real-world applications that demonstrate practical solutions to social, economic, and environmental issues.; Current Affairs Relevance: They reflect recent initiatives and policies, helping candidates stay up-to-date with current developments.; Policy Linkages: Always connect these initiatives to broader government policies and socio- economic objectives to strengthen…
Impact

Churu has become a sports nursery, with significant improvements in sports facilities and achievements by its athletes.; Athletes can stay on-site and remain in constant contact with their coaches.; Sports have been instrumental in addressing societal issues such as substance abuse.; Churu has emerged as a recruitment hub for the armed forces, with each village sending multiple youths annually.; The district has…
ICT for Excellence in Sports

Madhya Pradesh To improve athlete performance, injury prevention, and sports management by using ICT tools for scientific training, performance monitoring, and data-based decision-making.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 45
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

Link it to injury prevention, talent identification, sports academies, and Olympic preparedness.; Mention it in answers on sports excellence, use of technology in public service delivery, and investment in human capital.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

3. Fit Hai To Hit Hai India / K11 School of Fitness Sciences - Pan-India To convert fitness and sports-related skills into formal employment by providing vocational training in personal training, exercise science, and sports nutrition.
Impact

K11 School of Fitness Sciences offers specialised training in Personal Training and Sports Nutrition under NSDC’s market-led skilling model. Since becoming an NSDC-funded partner in 2016, it trained 9,587 candidates and placed 5,557 candidates, including 37 international placements. The initiative helped create skilled fitness professionals and promoted sports and fitness as a viable career pathway.
12 Sports Excellence Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 46
Green-Blue Infrastructure on Ema River

Urban Infrastructure Initiative To build climate-resilient urban infrastructure by integrating riverfront development, green spaces, water management, biodiversity conservation, and public-use urban spaces.
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 50
NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 51
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Union and its Territory
Article 1

Name and Territory of the Union Article 3: Formation of New States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
Article 5

Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. Related Acts; Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Fundamental Rights
Article 13

Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights; Existing laws that conflict with Fundamental Rights are void to that extent.; The State cannot enact laws that infringe upon the Fundamental Rights and such laws will be void.; This does not apply to constitutional amendments under Article 368
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951),; Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967); Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 1
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; Indra Sawhney (1992); M. Nagraj v. Union of India (2006)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 77th (1995), 81st (2000), 85th (2001) and 103rd (2019) .
Article 17

Abolition of Untouchability; Article 17 abolishes "untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form, making any disability arising from it illegal and punishable.; Supreme Court ruled that Article 17 applies against private individuals
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Cases; People's Union for Democratic Rights case(1982)
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 77th (1995), 81st (2000), 85th (2001) and 103rd (2019).
Right to Freedom (Article 19-22) Article 19

Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession etc.; Reasonable Restrictions:; Sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offence.; General public interest or protection of Scheduled Tribes, etc.
Related Cases Imran Pratapgadhi Case

Speech causing discomfort or offence remains protected unless it violates Article 19(2) restrictions.; Kaushal Kishore v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2023): Clarified that Article 19(2) grounds are exhaustive.; Romesh Thappar v. The State Of Madras (1950); Brajesh Singh vs. Sunil Arora (2021); Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) : Right to Internet; Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) : Vishakha guidelines
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Related Acts; Right to Information Act, 2005
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendments; 1st CAA 1951, 16th CAA 1963, 44th CAA 1978.
Article 20

Protection in respect of conviction for offences; No Ex Post Facto Law; No Double Jeopardy; No Self-incrimination
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Related Cases; Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay (1950)
Article 21

Protection of Life and Personal Liberty.; No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.; Articles 20 and 21 could not be suspended during a national emergency( 44th CAA); Article 359 - Suspension of the enforcement of fundamental rights during Emergencies
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 2
Article 22

Protection against Arrest and Detention in certain cases; Preventive detention beyond three months requires Advisory Board approval, unless otherwise legislated by Parliament.
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Related Cases; Ankul Chandra Pradhan case (1997); Ameena Begum case (2023)
Right against Exploitation ( Article - 23 & 24 )

Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour; Traffic in human beings, begar, and similar forms of forced labour are prohibited. Any violation is punishable by law.
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Related Cases; Sanjit Roy v. The State of Rajasthan (1983)
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Related Acts; Equal Remuneration Act 1976; the Minimum Wages Act 1948.
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Related Cases; MC Mehta vs State of Tamil Nadu (1996).
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 3
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Related Cases; TMA Pai Foundation v. The State of Karnataka (2003); N. Adithayan v. Travancore Devaswom Board (2002)
Article 27

Freedom as to Payment of Taxes for the promotion of any particular Religion.; This provision prohibits only the levy of a tax, not a fee. Therefore, a fee can be charged to pilgrims for special services or safety measures.
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Related Cases; Sri Jagannath v. The State of Orissa (1954).
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Related; Animal Welfare Board v. Union of India (2014) (Jallikattu case). Cases
Article 32

Constitutional Remedies for Enforcement of Fundamental Rights; This right provides for the Judicial Review.; Dr. Ambedkar : An Article without which this constitution would be a nullity. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it.
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Related Cases; ADM Jabalpur case (1976); Bharati Reddy v. The State Of Karnataka (2018).
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Power of Parliament to modify the Fundamental Rights in their application to Forces, etc.
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Article 38

State to secure a social order for the promotion of the Welfare of the People.; by ensuring a just social order.; by minimising inequalities among individuals and also region-wise.
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Amendments; 44th CAA 1978
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Related Cases; State of Karnataka vs Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977); Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs Bharat Coking Coal (1983).
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Related Acts; The Minimum Wages Act 1948; The Payment Of Wages Act 1936; The Maternity Benefit Act 1961.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA
Article 39A

Equal justice and free legal aid; The State shall ensure that the legal system promotes justice based on equal opportunity and provides free legal aid to prevent denial of justice due to economic or other disabilities.
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Related Cases; Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979).
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Related Acts; The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987.
Article 40

Organisation of Village Panchayats; The State shall organise village panchayats and grant them the necessary powers to function as units of self-government.
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Amendments; 73rd and 74th CAA,1992.
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Related Acts; Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme; Annapurna scheme; Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme.
Article 43

Living wage, etc. for workers
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The State shall ensure a living wage, decent work conditions, and access to leisure and cultural opportunities for all workers, and promote cottage industries in rural areas.
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Related Acts; MGNREGA
Article 43B

Promotion of co-operative societies.
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Related Acts; The Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956.
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Amendments; Added by 42nd CAA
Article 44

Uniform civil code for the citizens.; The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
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Related Acts; Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955); Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
Related Cases Champakaran Dorairajan (1951)

this led to 1st CAA and addressed the country's reservation programme.
Article 48A

Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
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Related Acts; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972,; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Article 50

Separation of the judiciary from the executive
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Related Acts; The Criminal Procedure Code 1973.
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Fundamental Duties
Article-51A

Fundamental Duties of Citizens
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976; 86th CAA 2002
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Related Acts; Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971; Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955.
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Related Cases; Shri Rangnath Mishra v. Union of India (2003); AIIMS Students Union v. AIIMS (2001)
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 6
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President and Vice-President
Article 52

There shall be a President of India
Article 53

Executive power of the Union Shall be vested in the President
Article 61

Procedure for impeachment of the President.; The President can be impeached by either House of Parliament for violating the Constitution.
Article 63

There shall be a Vice-President of India
Article 64

The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States(Rajya Sabha).
Article 66

Election of Vice-President (by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament) ; Also gives eligibility criteria for the Vice President.
Article 67

Term of office of Vice-President (The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office).
Article 68

Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.; An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of Vice-President shall be completed before the expiration of the term.
Article 72

The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, remissions, or commute sentences for:; Punishments by Court Martial.; Offences against Union executive power laws.; Death sentences.
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Union Ministers and Attorney General
Article 74

Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.; The advice given by Ministers to the President shall not be questioned in any court
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Amendments; 42nd CAA, 44th CAA.
Article 76

Attorney-General for India; It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters.
Article 79

Constitution of Parliament.; There shall be a Parliament for the Union consisting of the President and two Houses: the Council of States and the House of the People.
Article 82

Readjustment after each census.; Upon each census, the allocation of seats and division of constituencies in the House of the People shall be readjusted by such authority and manner as determined by Parliament by law.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 84th CAA 2001, 87th CAA 2003
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Related Acts; The Delimitation Commission Act 1952, 1963, 1973, 2002
Article 87

Special address by the President. (At the commencement of the fffirst session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the fffirst session of each year).
Article 89

The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States; The Vice-President of India is the ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
Article 91

Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of or to act as the Chairman; If the Chairman's office is vacant or the Vice-President is acting as President, the Deputy Chairman performs the duties.
Article 93

The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
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Related cases; Kihoto Hollohan (1992); Manipur Legislative Assembly case (2020).
Article 95

Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
Article 96

The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
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Related cases; Nabam Rebia case (2016)-a speaker will be disabled from deciding disqualification petitions under the anti-defection law if a notice for their removal is pending.
Article 102

Disqualifications for membership
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Amendments; 52nd CAA 1985
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Related Acts; The Representation of the People Act, 1951
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Related cases; Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013); Krishnamurthy v. Sivakumar & Ors (2015)
Article 103

Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members; Any question regarding the disqualification of a member of either House under Article 102(1) shall be referred to the President, whose decision shall be final.; The President shall obtain and act according to the opinion of the Election Commission.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978.
Article 105

Powers, privileges of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees
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Related cases; P V Narasimha Rao v State Case (1998); State of Kerala Vs. K. Ajith Case 2021
Article 108

Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
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Article 109

Special procedure in respect of Money Mills.
Article 110

Definition of “Money Bills”; The Speaker of the House of the People decides if a Bill is a Money Bill, and the decision is final.
Related cases KS Puttaswamy v Union of India(2017)

SC held Aadhaar Act as money bill.
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Related Acts; Aadhaar Act 2016
Article 111

Outlines the procedure for the President's assent to Bills passed by the Parliament. It specifies that a Bill must be presented to the President after being passed by both Houses of Parliament.; The President has the power to grant assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill (if it is not a Money Bill) to the Parliament for reconsideration.
Article 112

Annual Fffinancial Statement; The President shall cause to be laid before both Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for each fffinancial year.
Article 118

Rules of procedure; Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating its procedure and the conduct of its business, subject to the provisions of this Constitution.
Article 121

Restriction on discussion in Parliament.; Parliament shall not discuss the conduct of any Supreme Court or High Court Judge in the discharge of duties.
Article 122

Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament; The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be questioned on the ground of any alleged procedural irregularity
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Related Cases; Indira Nehru Gandhi v Raj Narain (1975); Satish Chandra v Speaker, Lok Sabha (2013)
Article 123

Power of the President to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of Parliament
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Related Cases; R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970),; A.K. Roy v. Union of India (1982); D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987).
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Supreme Court
Article 124

Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court; The Supreme Court of India shall consist of a Chief Justice and up to seven other Judges, unless Parliament by law prescribes a larger number.; Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for presenting such an address and for investigating and proving the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge.
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Related Cases; Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968.
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Article 129

Supreme Court to be a court of record; The Supreme Court shall be a court of record.; It shall have all the powers of a court of record, including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
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Related Cases; P.N. Duda v. V P Shiv Shankar & Others (1988).
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Related Acts; The Contempt of Courts Act (1971)
Article 130

Seat of Supreme Court. (The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, appoint).
Article 131

Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court; The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in disputes:; Between the Government of India and one or more States.; Between the Government of India and any State(s) on one side and one or more other States on the other.; Between two or more States.; This jurisdiction covers disputes involving questions of law or fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.
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Related Cases; State of Madhya Pradesh vs Union of India (2011); State of Jharkhand Vs State of Bihar (2015); Kerala Citizenship Amendment Act Suit (2019)
Article 136

Special Leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
Article 137

Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.; The Supreme Court shall have the power to review its own judgments or orders, subject to any laws made by Parliament or rules.
Article 139

Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain Writs.; Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court the power to issue directions, orders, or writs, for purposes other than those mentioned in Article 32(2).
Article 141

The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.
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Related Cases; State of U.P v. Synthesis & Chemicals Ltd. (1991); Paramjit Kaur v. State of Punjab (2021)
Article 142

Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court; The Supreme Court may issue orders and decrees for complete justice in any case, enforceable throughout India as prescribed by law or Presidential order.
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Related acts; Supreme Court (Decrees and Orders) Enforcement Order, 1954
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Related cases; Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case (1991); State of Karnataka vs Umadevi (2006); Chandigarh Mayor’s Election case (2024)
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 10
Article 143

Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.; The President may refer to the Supreme Court any question of law or fact that has arisen or is likely to arise, which is of such public importance.
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Related cases; Jammu and Kashmir Resettlement Act in 1982; Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal in 1992; Ram Janma Bhumi case in 1993
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Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Article 148

Comptroller and Auditor General of India; There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of India who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal; Removal: from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Article 153

There shall be a Governor for each State. Article 154: Executive power of the state shall be vested in the Governor.; This article does not prevent Parliament or the State Legislature from conferring functions on any authority subordinate to the Governor by law. Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.; Recently the Madras High Court ruled…
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State Ministers and Advocate General
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Article 163; Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor.; Except where the Constitution requires him to act in his discretion.; The Governor's decision on whether a matter falls within his discretionary powers shall be final.
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Related cases; S.R. Bommai case (1994); Nabam Rebia judgement (2016).
Article 165

Advocate-General for the State.; The Advocate-General shall advise the State Government on legal matters, perform duties of a legal nature as assigned by the Governor.
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State Legislature
Article 168

Constitution of Legislature in state; The Legislature shall consist of the Governor and two Houses in states which have legislative councils .; In other States, the Legislature shall consist of the Governor and one House.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 11
Article 169

Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.; Parliament may by law abolish or create a Legislative Council in a State if the Legislative Assembly passes a resolution. Article 176: Special address by the Governor. (At the commencement of the fffirst session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the fffirst session of each year). Article 178: The Speaker and…
Article 191

Disqualifications for membership Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members; Governor decides and his decision shall be final.; The Governor must seek and follow the Election Commission's opinion before deciding.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related cases; DD Thaisii Vs Election Commission of India (2021). Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures. Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related cases; N. Ravi v Speaker, Legislative Assembly (2003). Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. Article 200; The Governor shall give assent, withhold assent, or reserve it…
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Related cases; The State of Tamil Nadu v Governor of Tamil Nadu (2023). Article 201: Bills reserved for consideration; When a Bill is reserved by the Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall either assent to the Bill or withhold assent. Article 202: Annual fffinancial statement.; The Governor shall cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State, a statement of…
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Related cases; D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987).
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 12
Article 214

There shall be a High Court for each State.
Article 215

High Courts to be courts of record.
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Related acts; Contempt of Courts Act 1971.
Article 226

Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
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Amendments; 42nd CAA 1976, 43rd CAA 1977, 44th CAA 1978
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Related cases; Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. The Union of India (1984); Common Cause v. Union of India (2018).
Article 227

Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court; Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
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Amendments; 42 CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978
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Related cases; Kirti v. Renu Anand & Ors. 2023.
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Subordinate Courts
Article 233

Appointment of district judges.; Appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
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Related cases; State of Assam v. Ranga Muhammad (1966)
Article 234

Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
Article 235

Control over subordinate courts shall be vested in the High Court.
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Union Territories
Article 239

Administration of Union Territories; UTs shall be administered by the President acting through an administrator appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.
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Amendments; 7th CAA 1956 Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017)
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Article 239A; Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories; Provision added by the 14th CAA 1962
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Related Acts; The Government of Union Territories Act 1963; Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 13
Article 239AA

Special provisions with respect to Delhi.; The Legislative Assembly shall have power to make laws on matters in the State List or Concurrent List, except those in Entries 1, 2, and 18 of the State List and related entries.; Parliament retains the power to make laws for the Union territory.; Provision added by the 69th CAA 1991.
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Related Acts; GNCTD Act, 2021
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Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017).
Article 239B

Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.; If the Legislature of the UT of Puducherry is not in session, the administrator may promulgate Ordinances with the President's instructions.; Provision added by the 27th CAA 1971
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Amendments; 38th CAA 1975, 44th CAA 1978.
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Related cases; Puducherry Lieutenant Governor case (2019).
Article 240

Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories. (Including Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Lakshadweep; Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu; Puducherry;); Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for the Union territory of Puducherry , the President shall not make any regulation.
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Panchayats (Part Added by 73rd CAA 1992)
Article 243A

A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level.
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Amendments; 7th CAA 1956
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Related cases; Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India (2017)
Article 243B

Constitution of Panchayats; Every State shall constitute Panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels,
Article 243H

Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
Article 243I

The Governor shall constitute a Finance Commission every fifth year to review the fffinancial position of the Panchayats and make recommendations to the Governor.
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Article 243K

Elections to the Panchayats.; The superintendence, direction, and control of all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in a State Election Commission.; The State Election Commission shall have a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.
Article 243L

Application to Union territories.; The President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any UT or part thereof, subject to such exceptions and modifications as specified in the notification.
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Municipalities (Part Added by 74th CAA 1992)
Article 243Q

Constitution of Municipalities.; Every State shall constitute a : (a) A Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area, (b) A Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; (c) A Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area.
Article 243X

Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
Article 243Y

Finance Commission.; The Finance Commission constituted under Article 243-I shall also review the fffinancial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor
Article 243ZB

Application to Union territories.; The President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any UT or part thereof, subject to such exceptions and modifications as specified in the notification.
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Cooperative Societies (Part Added by 97th CAA 2011)
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Article 243ZI; Incorporation of co-operative societies.; The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies.
Related cases Union of India v. Rajendra N. Shah

Partially struck down 97th CAA
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Amendments; 7th CAA 1956.
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 15
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Centre-State Legislative Relations
Article 245

Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.; No law made by Parliament to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra-territorial operation.; The Doctrine of Territorial Nexus states that the laws made by a State Legislature are not applicable outside the State, except when there is a sufficient nexus between the state and the object. Related cases; A.H. Wadia v. Income Tax…
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Article 246A; Special provision with respect to goods and services tax; Parliament has exclusive power over inter State trade or commerce.; Provision added by the 101st CAA 2016.
Article 248

Residuary powers of legislation.; Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. Article 249: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. Article 250: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.…
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Centre-State Administrative Relations
Article 258

Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
Article 258A

Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
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Centre-State Fffinancial Relations
Article 262

Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers.; Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute in any inter-State river or river valley.
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Related acts; River Boards Act 1956,; Inter state River Water Disputes Act 1956
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Related cases; Cauvery Dispute.
Article 263

Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.; The President may, by order, establish such a Council, and define its duties, organisation, and procedure.
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Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits
Article 266

Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. Article 267: Contingency Fund of India. Article 270: Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.; The 16th Finance Commission under the chairmanship of Dr. Arvind Panagariya has submitted its report for the period of 2026-31. The Central government has accepted its recommendations with respect to devolution of funds from Centre to…
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Related cases; Pradeep Goyal versus Union of India & Ors. (2022) Article 280: Finance Commission.; The President shall, at the expiration of every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President considers necessary, by order constitute a Finance Commission . Amendments; 73rd CAA 1993, 74th CAA 1993. Article 281: Recommendations of the Finance Commission.; The President shall cause every recommendation made by…
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IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 17
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Right to Property
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Article 300A; Persons not to be deprived of Property save by authority of law.; Provision added by 44th CAA 1978.
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Related cases; Kolkata Municipal Corporation case (2024).
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Trade Commerce and Intercourse
Article 301

Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
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Related cases; G.K. Krishnan v. State of Tamil Nadu (1975)
Article 302

Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
Article 304

Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.; Current Context: The SC invoked Article 304(a) while quashing a 2007 Rajasthan government notification granting exemption from payment of value-added tax (VAT) on sale of locally made asbestos cement sheets and bricks.
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Public Service Commission
Article 312

All-India services Article 315; Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.; There shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State. Article 320; Functions of Public Service Commissions.; It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and of the State…
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Tribunals (Part Added by 42nd CAA 1976.)
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Article 323A; Administrative tribunals; Parliament may, by law, provide it.
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Related acts; Administrative Tribunals Act 1985; Armed Forces Tribunal Act 2007; National Green Tribunal Act 2010
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Related cases; S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India (1987).
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Article 323B; Tribunal for other matters; Can be provided by law by both Parliament and State legislature.
1 IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 18
Article 324

Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. Amendments; 19th CAA 1966. Related Act; The Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and 'Transaction of Business) Act 1991 Related cases; Anoop Baranwal case (2023).; T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995) Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a…
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 19
Emergency Provisions Article 352

Proclamation of Emergency.; National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. Amendments; 38th CAA 1975, 42nd CAA 1976, 44th CAA 1978. Related case; Minerva Mills case (1980). Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. Related case; Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India (2005); S. R. Bommai v. Union of India…
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 20
26 : Upheld ECI’s power over Special Intensive

IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION 21
2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

Constitutional Amendment; Special Majority of the Parliament and the Ratification of Half of the State; A Constitutional Amendment in India refers Legislatures to the process of making changes or; Federal features are amended by this modifications to the provisions of the majority. Constitution.; A few examples of the provisions that; A Constitutional Amendment can be can be amended this way are: initiated by either…
2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 22
Abolition of state classifications

The 15th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1963 classification of states into Part A, Part B,; High Court Writ Jurisdiction: High Courts Part C, and Part D was abolished. were empowered to issue writs to any; Jurisdiction of High Courts: High Court’s person or authority outside its territorial jurisdiction was extended to Union jurisdiction, if the cause of action arose Territories (UTs). within its territorial limits.…
2 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 23
Article 13

Removed the restriction on; Added laws to the Ninth Schedule, making Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental them immune from judicial review, Rights. particularly regarding land reforms and other policy measures. 25th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971; Insertion of Article 31C: Added Article Articles Amended: 31C, which ensures that laws aimed at; Article 71: Related to disputes regarding giving effect to the…
Telangana State Energy Conservation Building Code

The initiative focuses on the effective implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by the State government of Telangana to promote energy efficiency in commercial buildings. Impact:; 430 commercial buildings have been certified as ECBC compliant, with a cumulative built-up area of 13.12 lakh square meters.; The initiative has led to an estimated energy savings of 336 MkWh per annum.; The…
Ethanol – A Success Story

The objective is to promote the use of ethanol produced from sugarcane as a cleaner, more sustainable fuel blended with petrol, thereby reducing India's dependency on imported fossil fuels and supporting the sugar industry. Impact:; A separate portal has been launched to monitor ethanol projects and production capacities.; The Government of India aims for 20% ethanol blending by 2025 (earlier 2030), reducing fossil…
LED Street Lighting via ESCO Mode - Thane,

To reduce municipal electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing conventional streetlights with energy-efficient LED lights through an Energy Service Company model. Impact: Thane Municipal Corporation replaced 8,000 high-pressure sodium vapour street lamps with LED lights through an ESCO-based PPP model. The project established a baseline for streetlights, used performance contracting with…
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - New Delhi

To demonstrate energy-efficient and climate-sensitive public infrastructure through a green government building integrating passive design, renewable energy, and efficient resource use. Impact: Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is a landmark green public building that integrates energy-efficient design with renewable-energy generation. It uses strategies such as efficient lighting, passive cooling, daylight optimisation…

Science and Technology in Everyday Life

Definition & Overview Biotechnology

Use of living organisms or components for technological advancement.; Bioeconomy: Grew from $10 billion (2014) to $165.7 billion (2024).; Contributes 4.25% to India’s GDP.; India is currently ranked 12th in the world in biotechnology and 3rd in the Asia-Pacific region.
Employment & Startups 11,855 biotech startups as

35,000+ startups by 2030.; Projected to generate 35 million jobs by 2047.
Government Initiatives National Biopharma Mission

Supports MSMEs and vaccine R&D.; BioE3 Strategy – Focuses on economy, environment, employment.; Bio-RIDe Scheme – Promotes biomanufacturing.; Biotech-KISAN – Strengthens farmers through lab-to-land transfer.; Biotech Parks – Innovation clusters for research & entrepreneurship. Policy & Institutional Support; BioRRAP Portal – Single-window clearance for biotech research.; Regulatory reforms in ethical trials…
Nanotechnology

Environmental Applications; Air/soil purification using nano-materials.; Water treatment through nanobubbles and nanofiltration.; Nanocatalysts for reducing industrial pollutants.; Control of oil spills using absorbent nano-structures. Industrial And Construction Use; Fuel cells and catalytic converters enhanced with nano-coatings.; Nano-steel/cement for stronger, corrosion-resistant structures.; Supercapacitors and…
Nanotechnology

Emerging Focus Areas; Precision agriculture through smart nano-sensors.; Nano-enhanced wastewater treatment systems.; Defense and aerospace components using lightweight nanomaterials. Challenges; Safety concerns around toxicity and environmental effects.; Regulatory gaps in testing and monitoring.; High costs of R&D and commercialization.
Space Economy

Size & Potential; India’s space economy is estimated at $8.4 billion (2026).; Expected to grow to $40–45 billion in the next 8–10 years.
Space Start-Ups 399 space start-ups currently

Launch vehicles 431581403500014; Satellites; Propulsion systems; Space-grade electronics Government Spending & Revenue; ISRO has launched 434 foreign satellites so far.; Revenue from foreign satellite launches:; €323 million; $233 million Private Sector Growth Launch Vehicles; Number of space startups increased from 1; PSLV: 4-stage; 1,750 kg to SSO; 1,425 kg to (2014) to 400+ (2026) GTO; 100% FDI permitted in space…
Space

Planetary And Deep-Space Missions Satellite Observation And Research; Mars Orbiter Mission: 2014–2022; NISAR: NASA–ISRO joint SAR satellite; maps; JUICE Mission: Collaboration for Jupiter earth every 12 days (2023); Spadex: Twin satellite docking test using; Shukrayaan Mission: Planned for Venus PSLV (Dec 2024); LIGO-India: Gravitational wave observatory; Chandrayaan-3: Soft landing, rover (India leg of global…
Navigation System Human Spaceflight

Gaganyaan; NAVIC: Indigenous satellite navigation; Crewed mission to 400 km orbit for 3 days system; Return and recovery in Indian sea waters; NVS-01: Part of second-generation NavIC; Includes plan for Bharatiya Antariksh satellites Station by 2035
Space

Private Initiatives; L&T to deliver fffirst private PSLV by mid-2025; Startups: Skyroot, Agnikul, Pixxel, Dhruva, GalaxEye, Bellatrix, Kawa Space
Nuclear Technology

Global Nuclear Power; Nuclear energy contributes about 10% of global electricity, rising to nearly 20% in developed nations. Nuclear Reactions; Fission: A heavy atomic nucleus is split into smaller ones by neutron absorption, releasing energy.; Fusion: Light nuclei merge to form heavier nuclei, releasing significantly more energy than fission.
India’s Nuclear Capacity Installed nuclear power

8,180 MW (25 reactors); Nuclear energy makes up approximately 3% of India’s total electricity generationCapacity has nearly doubled in a decade (from 4,780 MW in 2014 to 8,180 MW in 2024)Government aims to expand to 22,480 MW by 2031–32 and ultimately reach 100 GW by 2047.
Nuclear Technology

Key Nuclear Power Plants; Operational reactors located at Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rajasthan, Kakrapar, Narora, Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Kudankulam, with more underway at Mahi Banswara and Jaitapur (EPRs planned) Three-Stage Nuclear Program 1. PHWRs using natural uranium to produce plutonium (stage I) 2. Fast Breeder Reactors (e.g., PFBR at Kalpakkam) using plutonium (stage II) 3. Advanced Thorium Reactors for uranium-233…
C.V. Raman Fffirst Asian Nobel Laureate in

C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the phenomenon of light scattering, known as Raman Scattering, which laid the foundation for a new branch of physics.
Bharat Ratna (1954)

He was the fffirst scientist to receive the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.; Contribution: Best known for the Raman Effect, which showed that light scattered by molecules undergoes a change in frequency thus revealing information about the molecular structure.
J.C. Bose Pioneer of Wireless Communication

J.C. Bose was among the fffirst to demonstrate wireless communication and is regarded as the Father of Radio Science by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).; Contributions: Bose made significant contributions to plant physiology and laid the foundations of biophysics and wireless communication.; Father of Bengali Science Fiction: He is also known for being the father of Bengali science…
Vikram Sarabhai Founder of ISRO

Vikram Sarabhai is widely regarded as the founder of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which transformed India’s space capabilities.; Key Achievements: Sarabhai set up India's fffirst rocket launching station at Thumba in 1963, and in 1975, India's fffirst satellite Aryabhata was launched from the Soviet Union.
Homi Jehangir Bhabha Father of India's Nuclear

Homi Bhabha is considered the father of India's nuclear program and played a key role in the development of India's atomic energy policy.; Institutions Founded: He founded and led the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), which is named in his honor.; Three-Stage Nuclear Program: He conceptualized India's three-stage nuclear power program in the 1950s, which…
S. Chandrashekhar Chandrasekhar Limit

S. Chandrashekhar formulated the Chandrasekhar Limit, which states that a star cannot exceed a certain mass if it is to remain stable against gravitational collapse.; Chandra X-ray Observatory: NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory is named in his honor to recognize his immense contributions to astrophysics.
Impact

Provides information on local and global AI events.; Maintains a repository of cutting-edge startups and companies in the AI sector.; Offers details on investment opportunities, including venture capital.; Compiles a compendium of AI initiatives from the Government of India and other countries worldwide.
AI for BRTS and City Bus Services

Surat, Gujarat To improve public transport efficiency, fare collection, commuter management, and urban mobility by using AI-enabled systems in BRTS and city bus services.
AI-powered Smart Poles

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh To create multi-functional smart urban infrastructure by integrating LED lighting, AI surveillance, public Wi-Fi, air-quality sensors, edge computing, and energy optimisation into street poles.
National AI Portal – INDIAai

The objective of the National AI Portal (INDIAai) is to serve as a one-stop digital platform for AI-related developments in India, fostering a unified AI ecosystem, promoting knowledge creation, and supporting economic growth and social empowerment. Impact:; Provides information on local and global AI events.; Maintains a repository of cutting-edge startups and companies in the AI sector.; Offers details on…
Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)

Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) is a unique initiative that provides Indian startups a direct link to the defence industry, creating a platform for easier business dealings with the Ministry of Defence. Impact:; Generation of employment, both direct and indirect, through the initiative.; Serves as a procurement avenue under the Defence Acquisition Procedure, which establishes guidelines for defence…
AI for BRTS and City Bus Services - Surat, Gujarat

To improve public transport efficiency, fare collection, commuter management, and urban mobility by using AI-enabled systems in BRTS and city bus services. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 14 Impact: Surat has used AI-enabled smart city solutions to strengthen urban transport systems, including intelligent traffic management, smart public transport operations, smart parking, surveillance, energy efficiency, and citizen…
AI-powered Smart Poles - Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

To create multi-functional smart urban infrastructure by integrating LED lighting, AI surveillance, public Wi-Fi, air-quality sensors, edge computing, and energy optimisation into street poles. Impact: Bhopal’s AI-powered smart poles combine street lighting, environmental monitoring, surveillance, and energy management in a single system. The poles use adaptive LED brightness control, PM2.5 and PM10 sensors…
AI for Cleaner City Management - Varanasi, Uttar

To improve urban sanitation and public health by using AI and IoT-enabled waste-management systems for real-time litter detection, smart-bin monitoring, route optimisation, and faster civic response. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 15 Impact: The initiative uses AI and IoT tools such as real-time litter detection, smart bins, sensor-based monitoring, and data-driven routing to improve solid-waste management. It helped…

IT, Space, Biotech and IPR

International Ip Index

India’s Status; Ranked 42nd out of 55 countries in 2023 and 2024.; IP score stands at 38.6%, showing marginal improvement.; Reflects moderate performance in enforcement, innovation, and legal mechanisms.
Ipr Issues

Key Issues In India’s Ipr Ecosystem; Low public awareness and limited understanding of IPR among stakeholders.; Weak enforcement of copyright laws and patent protections.; Exclusion of traditional knowledge from formal patenting systems.; Monopolization risks due to lack of safeguards in patent ownership.; Patent approval delays due to backlog and procedural inefficiencies.; Policy instability deters long-term…
Legal Framework On Ipr Patents Act, 1970 (amended

Governs invention protection.; Designs Act, 2000: Protects original product designs.
Trade Marks Act, 1999

Provides for registration and protection of trademarks.; Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001: Secures farmer innovation and biodiversity.

Environment and Conservation

Indian Biodiversity

Megadiverse Country & Biodiversity Hotspots; India is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to approximately 7–8% of global biodiversity despite covering only 2.4% of the Earth’s land area.; It includes four global biodiversity hotspots:; Western Ghats; Eastern Himalayas; Indo-Burma region; Sundaland (covering the Nicobar Islands) Species Richness; India harbors approximately 92,000 to 97,000 faunal species…
Forest Conservation

Global Forest Status; Forests cover 31% of Earth’s land area (~4.06 billion hectares).; Primary forests account for 1.11 billion hectares.
Water Stress

Water Stress & Per Capita Availability; India is classified as water-stressed.; Per-capita water availability:; 2011: ~1,544 m³/year; 2021: ~1,486 m³/year; Projected: ~1,341 m³ (2025), ~1,219 m³ (2050); Water scarcity threshold: ↓1,000 m³/year Water Demand & Supply Gap; Forecasted water demand:; ~833 billion m³ (2025); ~899 billion m³ (2050); 54% of India’s land area faces high to extreme water stress. Water…
Water Stress

Energy-Water Nexus; 90% of thermal power plants rely on freshwater for cooling.; 40–70% of thermal plants are or will be in high water-stress areas by 2030.; Water shortages have led to supply interruptions and lower performance of several plants.
Water Stress

Infrastructure & Dams; India has 4,407 large dams, the third-highest globally.; Over 1,000 dams are over 50 years old, raising concerns about safety and efficiency.
Air Pollution

National Clean Air Programme (Ncap); Launched in 2019 with a target to reduce PM levels by 20–30% by 2024 (base year: 2017).; Revised goal: 40% reduction in PM10 by 2026.; As of 2024, an average 27% PM reduction was achieved in targeted cities.
Air Pollution

Current Pollution Trends (2025); Delhi has already breached annual pollution safety norms early in the year.; Mumbai’s Deonar and Sion zones recorded some of the highest PM2.5 levels in metro regions.; Punjab cities show consistently high pollution levels, even beyond stubble burning seasons.
Government Measures Ethanol blending

E10 target achieved; E20 targeted by 2025–26.; Performance-based grants awarded under NCAP to cities achieving PM reduction targets.; Measures include expanding air quality monitoring, controlling road dust, enforcing industrial norms, and promoting cleaner fuels.
Soil Pollution

Economic And Ecological Impacts; Soil degradation threatens agricultural productivity and food security.; Global cost of land degradation may reach $23 trillion by 2050 due to loss of food, ecosystem services and income. Legal And Regulatory Framework; Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016; Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016; Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016; E-Waste…
Plastic Pollution

Global Plastic Scenario; The world produces ~430 million tonnes of plastic annually; over two-thirds are short-lived.; Plastic production is projected to triple by 2060.; Shifting to a circular economy could reduce plastic pollution by 80% by 2040. Marine Ecosystem Impact; Plastic pollution causes an estimated USD 13 billion in annual marine ecosystem damage.; Around 19 million tonnes of plastic leak into the…
Plastic Pollution

Waste Fate And Recycling; 9% of plastic waste is recycled.; 12% is incinerated.; 79% ends up in landfills or the environment.
Plastic Pollution

Regulatory And Implementation Challenges; 25 states failed to submit action plans under Plastic Waste Management Rules.; Over 90% of the plastic industry operates in the informal sector. Government Measures; Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, amended 2021–22) implemented.; Ban imposed on selected single-use plastic items.; Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanism introduced.; 2.5 million tonnes of plastic…
Major Climate Agreements UNFCCC (1993)

Stabilize greenhouse gases.; Kyoto Protocol (2002) – Binding emission reduction.; Paris Agreement (2016) – Limit global warming below 2°C.; Montreal Protocol (1992) – Phase-out ozone-depleting substances.; Kigali Amendment (2019) – Reduce HFCs.; International Solar Alliance (2015) – Promote solar energy.; REDD+ – Reduce deforestation, enhance forest carbon stocks.; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – Investment in…
Climate Change

India’s Climate Commitments; Net Zero by 2070; 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030; 50% electricity from renewables by 2030; Reduce emission intensity by 45% (2005 baseline); 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ sink by 2030; Avoid 1 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030 Sectoral Actions Power:; 50% installed capacity from non-fossil sources.; Renewable Purchase Obligations, Green Term-Ahead Market. Transport:; FAME India, BS-VI…
India’s National Plans NAPCC

8 National Missions.; State Action Plans aligned with NAPCC.
Forest Fires
State-wise Data Madhya Pradesh

Highest forest fires in 2025 (~1,743 incidents).; Maharashtra – ~1,245 large fires (Jan–Apr 2025).; Odisha – Over 27,000 fire incidents (Nov 2024–Jun 2025).; Uttarakhand – Around 1,700 fire alerts during 2025–26 season.
Initiatives

National Action on Forest Fires; The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM); ISRO developed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro- radiometer(MODIS),Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership - Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(SNPP-VIIRS)for forest fire detection.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

22. National Action Plan For Climate Change Guiding Principles; Protection and Inclusion: Prioritize safeguarding vulnerable communities from climate risks.; Sustainable Development: Harmonize ecological sustainability with national economic growth.; Technological Advancements: Use innovation for emission reductions and climate adaptation.
49 key performance indicators (KPIs)

.Other Schemes Related With Environmental Issues Carbon Credit Trading; A strategic initiative by India's Power Ministry, with BEE, to Scheme promote the reduction, removal, or avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions.; Enables trading of Carbon Credit Certi icates (CCCs), each representing one tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced, removed, or avoided.; Open to both obligated entities (with legal emission reduction…
Ganga Prahari

Guardians of the Ganga The objective is to establish a trained cadre of local community members for institutionalizing the conservation efforts of the River Ganga at the grassroots level.
Bio-Decomposer Solution

Fighting Stubble Burning The objective is to combat pollution caused by stubble burning by providing bio-decompose spray to farmers.
Electric Vehicle Policy

Delhi The objective is to implement eco-friendly measures to improve Delhi’s air quality by reducing emissions from the transport sector.
Clean Goalpara Green Goalpara

Goalpara, Assam To protect and improve the environment by planting saplings across Goalpara district in a mission-mode effort involving the community and various organizations.
Impact

The initiative successfully planted over 12.6 lakh saplings, increasing the forest coverage area in Goalpara from 19% to 23%.
Implementation of Green Technologies in Road

Goalpara, Assam To provide all-weather connectivity by adopting green technologies, reducing dependence on natural resources, and lowering construction and maintenance costs.
Impact

The initiative has successfully utilized waste plastic and innovative technologies to construct roads, leading to economic benefits and sustainable development for the entire state.
Carbon Neutral Meenangadi

Wayanad, Kerala To develop Meenangadi Gram Panchayat as a carbon-neutral and climate-resilient local body through decentralised climate action, community participation, carbon sequestration, and low-emission development planning.
Bio-village Model

Tripura To promote sustainable rural livelihoods and climate-smart village development by combining organic farming, renewable energy, biogas, improved livestock, and energy-efficient technologies.
LED Street Lighting via ESCO Mode

Thane, Maharashtra To reduce municipal electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing conventional streetlights with energy-efficient LED lights through an Energy Service Company model.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

New Delhi To demonstrate energy-efficient and climate-sensitive public infrastructure through a green government building integrating passive design, renewable energy, and efficient resource use.
Sarvajal Project for Providing Safe Drinking Water

Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand To provide community-level safe drinking water to underserved areas using solar-powered, cloud- connected water dispensing kiosks and promote water conservation awareness.
Construction of Subsurface Dams

YSR (Kadapa), Andhra Pradesh To address water shortages in drought-prone Kadapa district by constructing subsurface dams using Z sheet pilling technology for sustainable irrigation.
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NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 58
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NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 59
16 Water Resource Conservation

Recharging Open Wells for Sustainable Water Access - Thrissur, Kerala To ensure sustainable drinking water access by using rooftop rainwater harvesting to recharge open wells through community participation and Panchayati Raj institutions.
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IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND ARTICLES
Madhav Gadgil Committee, 2010 [Steps to preserve

Focus Areas Recommendations Classi ication Classify 64% of the Western Ghats region into Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ1, ESZ2, ESZ3) covering six states, 44 districts, and 142 taluks. Biodiversity Recognize Western Ghats as a UNESCO Biodiversity Hotspot, Hotspot containing over 30% of India’s species across various categories. Developmental Restrictions In ESZ-1, halt activities like mining, thermal power…
Shailesh Nayak Committee, 2014 [Regarding Coastal

Focus Areas Recommendations Shift to State Regulate all development and construction activities at the state and and Local Bodies local levels, except those requiring environmental clearances. High-Density Reduce the “no-development buffer zone” to 50 meters from the High Rural Areas Tide Line (HTL) for rural areas with population density over 2,161 persons/sq km, and 200 meters for others. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES…
Mihir Shah Committee, 2016 [Augmentation,

Resources] Focus Areas Recommendations National Water Restructure and unify the Central Water Commission (CWC) and Central Ground Commission Water Board (CGWB) into a new National Water Commission (NWC). Irrigation Create an Irrigation Reform Division to assist states with irrigation projects and Reform Division improve water management. River Rejuvena- Establish a River Rejuvenation Division to implement…
Standing Committee Report on Promotion of Climate

The Standing Committee on Agriculture chaired by Mr. P.C. Gaddigoudar presented its report on ‘Promotion of Climate Resilient Farming’ on February 7, 2024. Key indings and recommendations:; Impact & Mitigation: Extend the NICRA Scheme to all climate-vulnerable villages using advanced technology for resilience.; Crop Diversi ication: Promote crop diversi ication with supportive policies and resources to ensure food…
Ganga Prahari – Guardians of the Ganga

The objective is to establish a trained cadre of local community members for institutionalizing the conservation efforts of the River Ganga at the grassroots level. Impact:; Over 2,000 Ganga Praharis (Guardians of the Ganga) identified and registered.; They organize awareness programmes, consultative meetings, and training sessions.; Actively engaged in Ganga Mashal Yatra under NMCG.; Ganga Praharis have used their…
Bio-Decomposer Solution – Fighting Stubble Burning

The objective is to combat pollution caused by stubble burning by providing bio-decompose spray to farmers. Impact:; Soil organic carbon increased by 5.36% to 42.11%, and available nitrogen increased by 2.70% to 24.21% in paddy fields where spraying was applied.; Seed germination of wheat increased by 17% to 20%.; Consumption of DAP and Urea reduced by 20-25 kg per acre.; Wheat productivity increased by 3% to 3.25%…
Electric Vehicle Policy – Delhi

The objective is to implement eco-friendly measures to improve Delhi’s air quality by reducing emissions from the transport sector. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 10 Impact:; Approximately 22,000 EVs have been registered.; Over 9,000 EVs have been purchased, with INR 34.31 crore in subsidies disbursed to eligible beneficiaries.; 28 private charging points have been installed, with plans for 100 public charging stations…
Clean Goalpara Green Goalpara - Goalpara, Assam

To protect and improve the environment by planting saplings across Goalpara district in a mission-mode effort involving the community and various organizations. Impact:; The initiative successfully planted over 12.6 lakh saplings, increasing the forest coverage area in Goalpara from 19% to 23%.; Topics where it can be Applied: Afforestation, Sustainable Development.; How to Use:; Illustrate the success of…
Implementation of Green Technologies in Road

To provide all-weather connectivity by adopting green technologies, reducing dependence on natural resources, and lowering construction and maintenance costs. Impact:; The initiative has successfully utilized waste plastic and innovative technologies to construct roads, leading to economic benefits and sustainable development for the entire state.; Topics where it can be Applied: Sustainable Infrastructure…
Carbon Neutral Meenangadi - Wayanad, Kerala

To develop Meenangadi Gram Panchayat as a carbon-neutral and climate-resilient local body through decentralised climate action, community participation, carbon sequestration, and low-emission development planning. Impact: Launched in 2016, Carbon Neutral Meenangadi adopted a bottom-up model for integrating climate action into local development. The initiative prepared an emissions baseline using recognised…
Climate Budget - Odisha

To mainstream climate change concerns into public expenditure by identifying, tracking, and analysing climate-relevant and climate-sensitive budgetary allocations. Impact: Odisha became the fffirst Indian state to prepare a Climate Budget. The initiative uses Climate Budget Tagging to integrate climate-related expenditure into the budgeting process. It classifies sectors and schemes using indicators such as Climate…
Bio-village Model - Tripura

To promote sustainable rural livelihoods and climate-smart village development by combining organic farming, renewable energy, biogas, improved livestock, and energy-efficient technologies. Impact: Tripura’s Bio-village concept was introduced by the Directorate of Biotechnology, Government of Tripura in 2018 to promote sustainable agriculture and allied sectors. The model includes biogas units, improved livestock…
Sarvajal Project for Providing Safe Drinking Water

To provide community-level safe drinking water to underserved areas using solar-powered, cloud- connected water dispensing kiosks and promote water conservation awareness. Impact:; The initiative in Udham Singh Nagar has enabled remote communities to access clean water, fostering sustainable infrastructure and promoting water conservation through school-led campaigns.; Topics where it can be Applied: Water…
‘Taanka’ Technique for Water Conservation -

To ensure long-term sustainable water conservation by employing traditional rainwater harvesting techniques using underground storage tanks. Impact:; The initiative in Sonbhadra has significantly increased water storage capacity, ensuring adequate water supply during peak summer months and reducing reliance on water tankers.; Topics where it can be Applied: Water Conservation, Sustainable Agriculture.; How to Use…
Construction of Subsurface Dams - YSR (Kadapa),

To address water shortages in drought-prone Kadapa district by constructing subsurface dams using Z sheet pilling technology for sustainable irrigation. Impact:; The initiative has significantly improved the water table and controlled groundwater level fluctuations, enhancing sustainable irrigation in the region.; Topics where it can be Applied: Water Conservation, Sustainable Development.; How to Use:; Discuss how…
Jal Sabha-led Initiative for Sustainable Drinking

To address the drinking water crisis through community-led planning, pond expansion, women’s participation, and a fffinancially sustainable water-management system. Impact: Villagers formed a Jal Sabha and created a Jal Kosh to pool community funds and ensure accountability. The capacity of Gawai Talaab was expanded from 2,869 CuM to 5,218 CuM, while Narsingh Nasa pond was expanded from 2,308 CuM to 26,601 CuM. The…
Jal Dal: Children’s Institutions for Water

To ensure clean drinking water in schools and improve enrolment, attendance, and water conservation through student-led water management. Impact: In Godawas Khurd village, a 40,000-litre water tank was constructed in the school and a 10-member student body called Jal Dal was formed to maintain it. The Jal Dal ensured cleanliness of the tank, cleaning of silt chambers, proper functioning of the hand pump, and…
Mazhapolima: Recharging Open Wells for Sustainable

To ensure sustainable drinking water access by using rooftop rainwater harvesting to recharge open wells through community participation and Panchayati Raj institutions. Impact: Launched in 2009 by the Thrissur district administration, Mazhapolima promoted decentralised water management by channelling rooftop rainwater into open wells. The initiative improved groundwater recharge, strengthened drinking water…
Farm Ponds for Water Conservation and Aquaculture -

Pradesh To conserve water, manage liquid waste, promote aquaculture, and create community-friendly public spaces through the construction and maintenance of farm ponds. Impact: Nallajerla Mandal constructed and maintained 827 farm ponds for water conservation. Its 625 km underground drainage system was used to channel liquid waste into these ponds. A special fish species was introduced to prevent foul odour and…

Disaster Management

6 Disaster Management

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030) is a non-binding global agreement aimed at reducing disaster risks and losses in various sectors over 15 years.
Vulnerability 59% of the Indian landmass Last

10 major earthquakes that have resulted in over 20,000 deaths
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Seismic Zonation; The Bureau of Indian Standards, based on the past seismic history, divided the country into four seismic zones, viz. Zone II, III, IV and V.
Recent incidents Baramulla Earthquake

4.2 magnitude; Japan Earthquake 2024; Turkey Earthquake 2023; Indonesia Earthquake 2023
Human induced 1967

Koyna Dam, 2011 - Oklahoma earthquake earthquakes; 2015 - Nepal Earthquake
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Initiatives; Risk assessment and mapping by GIS; NDMA guidelines; Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS); India Quake - Mobile App; Promoting Traditional Earthquake Resilient Construction Practices like Koti Banal and Dhajji Dewari.
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Vulnerability; More than 40 million hectare area is flood prone out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares (mha); 12% of India’s area is flood-prone.; Assam, West Bengal and Bihar are among the high flood prone states.
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Recent incidents; Assam Floods 2026; Punjab Floods 2025; Bihar floods 2025
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Vulnerability; One of the top four countries with highest landslide risk.; 12.6% area prone to landslide; 29% of the area falls in the moderate landslide susceptible zone; 56% in the low to very low landslide susceptible zone.; 30% of the World’s landslides occur in the Himalayan ranges.
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Recent incidents; Wayanad Landslides, Uttara Kannada Landslides 2024, Raigad Landslide
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Pettimudi Landslide 2020, Joshimath Landslide 2023
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Initiatives; Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS); India’s landslide susceptibility mapping by GSI; NDMA guidelines for Landslide Hazard Zonation
6 Disaster Management

Vulnerability; 68% of cultivable area is prone to droughts.; 2/3rds of India suffer from drought .; According to the report, the water shortage will cost the economy 6% of GDP by 2050.
6 Disaster Management

Flash Droughts; Flash drought is characterised by rapid onset and intensification caused by high evapo- transpiration rates due to abnormally high temperatures, winds, and high incoming solar radiation.
Recent incidents 2024

Karnataka; 2009 : Bundelkhand drought; 2014-16 : Central India/Bundelkhand Drought; 2019 : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
6 Disaster Management

Vulnerability; 8% of the land and 76% of the coastline is prone to cyclones; 12 districts, all along the east coast, are “very highly prone”; 41 districts are “highly prone” to cyclones .
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)

52% increase in Arabian Sea between 2001 and 2019; 8% decrease over the Bay of Bengal, compared to the 19 years between 1982 and 2002.
Recent incidents Remal - 2024

Indian Ocean - Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Northeast India; Michuang-2023: Bay of Bengal - Andhra Pradesh; Tej-2023: Arabian Sea - West Coast; Mandous - 2022: Bay of Bengal - Chennai; Ockhi-2017: Bay of Bengal : claimed lives of 200 fishermen
6 Disaster Management

Initiatives; Early Warning Systems; National Cyclone Risk Management Project; Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project; Coastal Regulation Zones; Color Coding of Cyclones by IMD; Hydro-meteorological Resilience Action Plan (HmRAP) study to strengthen ULBs
6 Disaster Management

Vulnerability; On an average, 5-6 heat wave events occur every year over the northern parts of the country.; Criteria of IMD: If the maximum temperature of a meteorological- substation reaches :; at least 40°C or more in the plains,; 37°C or more in coastal areas and; at least 30°C or more for hilly regions.; 23 states are heat wave prone.
13 Disaster Mitigation Initiatives

1. Shifting Gears from Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Reduction The initiative focuses on improving drought preparedness and response in the worst-affected areas of Chitrakoot, through multi-sectoral convergent community-based efforts to combat drought impacts.
13 Disaster Mitigation Initiatives

2. Flood and Landslide Disaster Management, Wayanad (Kerala) The Wayanad district administration implemented a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to reduce casualties during the 2018 floods in Kerala, focusing on preventive evacuation, timely relief, and post- disaster support.
Impact

Preventive evacuation from disaster-prone areas minimized casualties; 223 relief camps were set up in safe public buildings to house the rescued population.; Special communication devices and counseling sessions were used to aid the affected people.; Immediate relief included free rations for 3 months, 50 days of additional wage employment under MGNREGA, and provision of food, clothing, drinking water, and…
13 Disaster Mitigation Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 47
‘We for Wayanad’ Campaign for Effective Disaster

Wayanad, Kerala To establish an effective disaster management and warning system to mitigate the impact of natural calamities and ensure community safety in Wayanad District.
Impact

The initiative significantly reduced casualties during the 2018 floods and enhanced community involvement in disaster preparedness and relief efforts.
Flood Hazard Atlas

Uttar Pradesh To strengthen flood mitigation and planning by using geospatial data, flood-risk mapping, and scientific identification of flood-prone areas.
Impact

Uttar Pradesh developed a Flood Hazard Atlas in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Centre to identify flood-prone areas and support flood-management planning. The atlas helps authorities assess vulnerable areas, plan flood-control measures, improve preparedness, and guide disaster-risk reduction strategies. It supports evidence-based decision-making by using geospatial information for flood zonation and…
Lightning Warning Systems

Uttar Pradesh To reduce lightning-related deaths and injuries by installing sensor-based early warning systems that provide advance alerts to vulnerable communities.
13 Disaster Mitigation Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 48
Impact

Uttar Pradesh is installing 30 lightning sensors and 1,500 warning systems across 37 districts. These systems can provide alerts around 30-40 minutes before lightning events, enabling people to take timely protective action. The initiative is part of the state’s broader early-warning architecture, which also includes automatic weather stations, rain gauges, Doppler radars, river sensors, and public-address systems…
13 Disaster Mitigation Initiatives

NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 49
Shifting Gears from Disaster Management to Disaster

The initiative focuses on improving drought preparedness and response in the worst-affected areas of Chitrakoot, through multi-sectoral convergent community-based efforts to combat drought impacts. Impact:; A mobile app has been developed for hazard communication, providing online and offline notifications, with 649 villages mapped for real-time updates.; Multi-sectoral measures have been implemented, ensuring…
Flood and Landslide Disaster Management, Wayanad

The Wayanad district administration implemented a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to reduce casualties during the 2018 floods in Kerala, focusing on preventive evacuation, timely relief, and post- disaster support. Impact:; Preventive evacuation from disaster-prone areas minimized casualties; 223 relief camps were set up in safe public buildings to house the rescued population.; Special communication devices and…
‘We for Wayanad’ Campaign for Effective Disaster

To establish an effective disaster management and warning system to mitigate the impact of natural calamities and ensure community safety in Wayanad District. Impact:; The initiative significantly reduced casualties during the 2018 floods and enhanced community involvement in disaster preparedness and relief efforts.; Topics where it can be Applied: Disaster Management, Community Participation.; How to Use…
Flood Hazard Atlas - Uttar Pradesh

To strengthen flood mitigation and planning by using geospatial data, flood-risk mapping, and scientific identification of flood-prone areas. Impact: Uttar Pradesh developed a Flood Hazard Atlas in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Centre to identify flood-prone areas and support flood-management planning. The atlas helps authorities assess vulnerable areas, plan flood-control measures, improve…
Lightning Warning Systems - Uttar Pradesh

To reduce lightning-related deaths and injuries by installing sensor-based early warning systems that provide advance alerts to vulnerable communities. NITI AAYOG BEST PRACTISES 48 Impact: Uttar Pradesh is installing 30 lightning sensors and 1,500 warning systems across 37 districts. These systems can provide alerts around 30-40 minutes before lightning events, enabling people to take timely protective action. The…
Green-Blue Infrastructure on Ema River - Urban

To build climate-resilient urban infrastructure by integrating riverfront development, green spaces, water management, biodiversity conservation, and public-use urban spaces. Impact: The Green-Blue Infrastructure model on the Ema River focuses on using natural systems as part of urban infrastructure. It combines water-body rejuvenation, green corridors, biodiversity protection, flood-risk reduction, and improved…
Transforming Connectivity with Baster Net Scheme -

To bridge the digital connectivity gap in remote and Left-Wing Extremism-affected areas by strengthening telecom and internet infrastructure in Bastar district. Impact: The Baster Net Scheme focuses on improving digital connectivity in Bastar, a difficult and under-served region of Chhattisgarh. NITI for States lists “Transforming Connectivity with Baster Net Scheme in Bastar District” under Urbanization best…
AKAR: Residential School for Differently-abled

To ensure the inclusion of differently-abled students and reduce their dropout rates by providing comprehensive education and specialized therapies. Impact”; Nearly 800 differently-abled children in Sukma, Chhattisgarh, receive inclusive education and therapies, enhancing their overall development and opportunities in sports and arts.; Topics where it can be Applied: Inclusive Education, Differently-abled…
BAL SANSAD - Shrawasti and Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh

To sensitize young minds to the idea of democracy and promote inclusiveness by providing a platform for students to express their views and experience democratic processes. Impact:; Over 3,200 schools in Shrawasti, Uttar Pradesh, have adopted Bal Sansad, encouraging student participation in democratic activities and promoting inclusiveness through school assemblies and cleanliness drives.; Topics where it can be…
BALA Implementation - All Aspirational Districts,

To transform school environments into child-friendly, learning-oriented spaces by utilizing physical infrastructure for educational purposes. Impact:; The adoption of BALA in Shrawasti, Uttar Pradesh, and other districts has made schools and Anganwadis more attractive and vibrant, significantly improving student retention rates.; Topics where it can be Applied: Child-Friendly Schools, School Infrastructure.; How to…
‘BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO’ Citizen Recognition -

To raise awareness about the importance of girl children, their education, and achieving a balanced sex ratio through public recognition of local girls' and women's achievements. Impact:; Inspirational graffiti and statues in Firozpur, Punjab, motivate local girls and women to excel, while fostering pride among parents and promoting social awareness about the significance of educating and nurturing girls.; Topics…
Library Campaign – Education for Change -

To enhance the imagination of children and prepare them to face the world by establishing model libraries in all schools. Impact:; The initiative in Sitamarhi, Bihar, has established 1,431 model libraries in Phase-I, with 600 more planned in Phase-II, fostering a culture of reading and overcoming social barriers to education.; Topics where it can be applied: Literacy Promotion, Reading Culture.; How to Use…
Motivational Campaigns to Increase School

nagar, Uttar Pradesh; To raise awareness about the importance of education and motivate parents to enroll their children in school.; It ensures active parental involvement in their children's educational progress. Impact; In Balrampur, around 54,000 previously out-of-school students were enrolled, significantly improving attendance rates.; While Siddharthnagar's initiative fostered parental engagement in monitoring…
Project Second Innings - Dahod, Gujarat

To increase student attendance and learning outcomes by engaging retired teachers to teach primary and upper primary classes. Impact; The initiative in Dahod has increased the pass percentage of students from 37.35% to 49.18%, while revitalizing the lives of both retired teachers and students.; Topics where it can be Applied: Retired Teachers in Education, Improved Learning Outcomes.; How to Use:; Discuss the…
Smart Classrooms for Visually Impaired Children -

To improve Braille literacy among visually impaired K-12 students using cutting-edge technology, enhancing their learning outcomes and employability. Impact; The installation of 20 Braille-teaching devices in Ranchi, Jharkhand, has reinvigorated students' interest in learning Braille, promoting self-learning and potentially increasing the employability of visually impaired individuals.; Topics where it can be…
Shiksha Saarthi Yojna - Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh

To address the shortage of teachers in rural primary schools by appointing local educators, ensuring consistent and quality education. Impact; The initiative in Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, has led to significant improvements in student enrolments, attendance, and proficiency levels across 16 primary schools.; Topics where it can be Applied: Teacher Recruitment, Quality Education.; How to Use:; Use this case to…
Teach Gajapati: A Jan Andolan for Quality Education

To improve the quality of education in schools by engaging alumni and community members as voluntary teachers under the 'Mo School' Abhiyaan. Impact:; The campaign in Odisha has significantly enhanced educational quality through volunteer participation, fostering a participative and accountable learning environment.; Topics where it can be Applied: Community Participation, Quality Education.; How to Use:; Discuss…
‘Mera Mobile, Mera Vidyalaya’ Unnayan Banka – Smart

Bihar To provide quality education for all using modern technologies, ensuring 24/7 access to comprehensive learning materials through various platforms, especially mobile phones. Impact; The initiative has significantly improved learning outcomes from 17% to 54% and achieved attendance rates of over 90% in Banka, Bihar, while being successfully replicated in several other districts across India.; Topics where it…
Vidyadaan Campaign - Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh

To enhance primary education by facilitating weekly interactions between students and intellectuals from various fields, promoting good values and ethics. Impact:; The initiative in Bahraich, involving over 400 Government Primary Schools, has yielded positive results with volunteers actively participating and students benefiting from the guidance and values imparted by intellectuals.; Topics where it can be Applied…
Establishing Model Anganwadi Centres - Ramgarh,

The scheme aims to improve learning outcomes and health standards by upgrading Anganwadi facilities and incorporating community outreach programs. Impact; Its impact includes enhanced educational quality and better nutrition and hygiene practices among children and families.; Topics where it can be Applied: Early Childhood Care, Capacity Building.; How to Use:; Discuss the role of model anganwadis in improving early…
My School – My Pride Initiative - Nashik,

To reconnect alumni with their former Zilla Parishad schools and mobilise community support for improving school infrastructure, learning resources, and student motivation. Impact: Nearly 58,995 alumni participated across 3,240 Zilla Parishad schools in Nashik. They contributed around ₹3.41 crore, including ₹65.76 lakh in cash and materials worth ₹2.74 crore. Contributions included educational material, sports…
Padhe Dantewada, Likhe Dantewada - Dantewada,

To improve learning outcomes in remote areas by using digital tracking, level-based learning, local- language teaching material, teacher training, and health monitoring of students. Impact: The initiative covered more than 38,000 students, 2,493 teachers, and 885 public schools through the Padhe Dantewada mobile application. Over 2,000 teachers were trained in digital literacy. After implementation, students unable…
Viksit Kaushambi Abhiyaan - Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh

To increase student attendance and improve education quality by revitalizing school infrastructure, strengthening monitoring, mobilizing community participation, and introducing technology-enabled learning. Impact: The initiative improved average school attendance from 54% to 78%. School renovation increased from 109 to 158 schools, showing a 45% improvement. A total of 83 primary schools, 26 upper primary schools…

Internal Security and Extremism

Rbi Initiatives Institutional Bodies Digital

Underway with fintech; NPCI: Manages UPI, IMPS, AePS, BBPS players; RBI BPSS: Supervises payments and; Regulatory Sandbox: Testing fintech settlements innovations; JAM Trinity, DBT & GSTN: Enable digital; UPI Circle: Introduced delegated payments service delivery in 2024; Cross-border UPI: Linked with Singapore, part of Project Nexus
Impact

Reaffirmed limited but essential protection of property rights.; Warned against executive misuse in land acquisition.; Elevated property-linked dignity and security.
Police Reforms Prakash Singh V. Union of India

SC directed central and state governments to implement seven directives for police reforms. These included setting up a State Security Commission, ensuring a transparent process for appointing Police Chiefs with a fixed tenure, separating investigative and law enforcement duties, and enacting a new Police Act to align with democratic principles.; Set the foundation for police reforms, emphasizing transparency…
Key Case

D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997): The Supreme Court clarified the procedural safeguards that must be followed during arrest, thus reinforcing the principle of "procedure established by law." Contemporary Linkage: This principle is pivotal in the protection of civil liberties. It ensures that actions like arrest and detention follow legal procedures, thus preventing arbitrary state actions. It remains a…
Procedure Established by Law

Discuss the significance of the principle in the protection of personal liberties, particularly through D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, which provided critical guidelines on police conduct during arrests.
GS3 Security, Technology in

Can be used in discussion involving improvement in Policing, Data Management, national security through integrated policing and Disaster Management crime tracking.; Relevant for topics such as disaster management, real-time data for law enforcement, and the use of advanced technologies like facial recognition and data-driven policy-making.
INSURANCE

Enhance IRDA’s key objectives should include promoting competition, Customer Satisfaction increasing consumer choice, lowering premiums, and ensuring ffinancial security.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Focus Areas Recommendations
Cyber Security and Law And Order

National Set up the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (ICCCC) at the Coordination national level with branches in all states.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Database Link the Centre with Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems Linkages (CCTNS) and the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) for crime-related information.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Social Media Develop an advanced application for social media analytics to monitor Analytics activities related to government ministries.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Legal Amend the Evidence Act to align with current needs and ensure Adaptation prosecution of cybercrimes.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Cyber Set up cyber forensic laboratories in states, along with workshops and Forensic Laboratories international cooperation to raise awareness.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Justice B N Srikrishna Committee, 2017 [Committee of Experts on a Data Protection Framework]
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Fiduciary Service providers must process data fairly, using it only for authorized Relationship purposes and in a manner that respects the individual’s privacy.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Obligations Process data fairly, notify the individual at the time of collection and of Fiduciaries ensure transparency at various stages of data handling.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

De inition of Personal data includes information that identi ies or can identify an Personal Data individual directly or indirectly. The Committee distinguishes personal data from sensitive data (e.g., caste, religion, sexual orientation).
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Amendments to Other Relevant laws (e.g., IT Act 2000, Census Act 1948) must align with data Laws protection regulations as they govern data processing.
Cyber Security and Law And Order

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 43
Cyber Security and Law And Order

Data of Children Implement stricter norms for protecting children’s data, prohibiting practices like behavioral monitoring, targeted advertising, and other harmful processing. Data Establish a DPA to enforce and implement data protection law, handling Protection Authority monitoring, policy, research, awareness, grievance handling, and adjudication. Penalties Impose penalties for violations, based on a ixed upper…
PYQ where these recommendations can be quoted

Q. Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem. (2024, GS III)
Police Reforms and Modernization

The Ribeiro Committee, 1998 [Committee on Police Reforms]
Police Reforms and Modernization

Focus Areas Recommendations
Police Reforms and Modernization

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 46
Police Reforms and Modernization

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 47
Committee/recommendation for UPSC Mains revision

Focus Areas Recommendations National Set up the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (ICCCC) at the Coordination national level with branches in all states. Database Link the Centre with Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems Linkages (CCTNS) and the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) for crime-related information. Dedicated Reduce dependence on foreign servers and establish a dedicated secure Secure…
Justice B N Srikrishna Committee, 2017 [Committee

Framework] Focus Areas Recommendations Fiduciary Service providers must process data fairly, using it only for authorized Relationship purposes and in a manner that respects the individual’s privacy. Obligations Process data fairly, notify the individual at the time of collection and of Fiduciaries ensure transparency at various stages of data handling. De inition of Personal data includes information that identi…
The Standing Committee on Home Affairs, 2016

Institutions] Focus Areas Recommendations Border Address issues with border infrastructure such as outposts, fencing, and Outposts loodlighting. Fencing Speed up border fencing along the India-Bangladesh border and improve fencing in the Thar Desert region, which is ineffective due to shifting sand dunes. Road Set up a joint venture with a private company for road construction in border Connectivity areas. Coastal…
Shekatkar Committee, 2016: On Border Infrastructure

Focus Areas Recommendations EPC Model Speed up road construction by adopting the EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) model. Socio- Promote socio-economic development in border areas. economic Development IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Construction Introduce modern construction plants, equipment, and machinery for Equipment efficient infrastructure development. Signal Regiments Optimize Signals…
Madhukar Gupta Committee, 2017 [Strengthen Border

Fencing: Address vulnerabilities in fencing along the Indo-Pakistan border.; The Committee has given its recommendations broadly on Threats and Border Protection, assessment of force level, deployment on the border, infrastructure and technology issues for border protection, and administrative issues. IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 45 5.3 Police Reforms and Modernization
The Ribeiro Committee, 1998 [Committee on Police

Focus Areas Recommendations State-Level Set up a State Security Commission in each state with advisory and Commission recommendatory powers, headed by the Director General of Police (DGP). Complaints Establish a District Police Complaints Authority in each Police Authority District to examine public complaints regarding police excesses. Police Form a Police Establishment Board in every state, including the…
Padmanabhaiah Committee, 2000 [Committee on Police

Focus Areas Recommendations Recruitment Focus on greater recruitment of Sub-Inspectors rather than Constables. Focus Training Establish a Police Training Advisory Council at the centre and state levels to Advisory Council advise Home Ministers on police training matters. Community Adopt the philosophy of Community Policing within the Indian Police. Policing Police Constitute a Police Establishment Board, including…
Malimath Committee, 2002-03: On Criminal Justice

Focus Areas Recommendations Inquisitorial Borrow features from the Inquisitorial System, where a Judicial Magistrate System supervises investigations, as practiced in Germany and France. Victim Allow victim participation in serious crimes cases and provide adequate Participation compensation. Article 20(3) Modify Article 20(3) to allow the court to question the accused and draw adverse inferences if the accused…

Border Security and Organised Crime

Shekatkar Committee, 2016

On Border Infrastructure Focus Areas Recommendations
Border Management

EPC Model Speed up road construction by adopting the EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) model.
Border Management

Socio- Promote socio-economic development in border areas. economic Development
Border Management

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 44
Border Management

Construction Introduce modern construction plants, equipment, and machinery for Equipment efficient infrastructure development.
Border Management

Signal Regiments Optimize Signals Establishments by including Radio Monitoring Companies, Corps Air Support Signal Regiments, and merging Corps Operating and Engineering Signal Regiments.
Border Management

Army Workshops Restructure Army repair echelons to include Base Workshops, Advanced Base Workshops, and Static/Station Workshops in the ield.
Border Management

Inventory Control Redeploy Ordnance echelons to include Vehicle Depots, Ordnance Depots, and central ordnance depots, and streamline inventory control mechanisms.
Border Management

Madhukar Gupta Committee, 2017 [Strengthen Border Protection]
Fencing

Address vulnerabilities in fencing along the Indo-Pakistan border.; The Committee has given its recommendations broadly on Threats and Border Protection, assessment of force level, deployment on the border, infrastructure and technology issues for border protection, and administrative issues.
Border Management

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES, RECOMMENDATIONS 45

Facts and figures by official syllabus heading. Open a heading for previous-year questions on that topic.