Revision summary
After 1991, garments, services, and media opened some paid work and rights talk for women. A slice of educated urban women gained income and delayed marriage. Much new work stayed informal, and unpaid care did not shrink. Female labour-force participation did not rise in line with growth. Class and location decide whether globalisation helps or hurts a woman.
Model answer
Flow diagram
flowchart TD G[Open trade media services] --> J[New paid jobs ideas] G --> I[Informal cheap labour] G --> C[Unpaid care double burden] J --> N[Split net effect] I --> N C --> N E[Education care law] --> N
Conclusion
- Treat care as infrastructure, enforce equal pay and factory law in export chains, and expand skills beyond a few metro services.
Globalisation has given some Indian women pay, mobility, and a louder rights language. It has also packed many into insecure work, heavier unpaid care, and new social pressures. The net effect is therefore split by class, caste, and city, not a simple story of liberation or ruin.
Quick related
Students also ask
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Debate the issue whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.
Next question in the 2015 paper (Q13). View answer →
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Did globalisation free Indian women?
It freed some with education and city jobs. Many others met it as cheap informal labour and heavier housework.
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Why did female work not rise with GDP?
Safety, care burden, withdrawal with household income, and poor job quality all pull women out of counted work.
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More from this paper
Q1 · UPSC Mains 2015 · GS I · 12 marks
The ancient civilization in Indian sub continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without breakdown to the present day. Comment.
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India kept Sanskrit–Prakrit–vernacular, pilgrimage, and dharma as living practice. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece lost their old public cults after conversion and empire. Harappan script is still unread, so the oldest urban layer is not a proven straight line. Islam, colonialism, and Partition remade custom even while older forms survived. The comment is fair as relative continuity, not as zero breakdown.
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Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this comment.
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How difficult would have been the achievement of Indian independence without Mahatma Gandhi?
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Gandhi built mass satyagraha from Champaran to Quit India and a daily constructive programme. Non-violence and a wide Congress made bargaining with Britain possible as a national claim. War, INA, peasants, and British weakness would still have pushed decolonisation. Partition shows his limits on communal peace. Without him freedom would likely have been bloodier and less united, not unthinkable.
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