Revision summary
Untouchability includes ritual exclusion, degrading labour and spatial segregation. Urban sanitation and housing show modern forms. Atrocity and honour violence police marriage. Law criminalises the practice; custom often continues it. Sanskritization does not equal annihilation.
Model answer
Introduction
Untouchability is not only a temple door. It is a set of practices that mark some bodies as polluting in water, work, housing, and honour. Forms have shifted; the structure has not vanished.
Body
Classical and rural forms
- Denial of wells, roads, and temples, and the imposition of degrading labour such as scavenging, were the village grammar Ambedkar named.
- Jajmani service could hide untouchability as duty.
Contemporary forms
- Residential segregation, separate utensils in schools, and honour violence against inter-caste marriage are everyday continuations.
- Urban informal work repeats caste in sanitation contracts even when the city claims anonymity.
- Digital humiliation and atrocity videos are new media of an old stigma.
Critical examination
- Law, including the Protection of Civil Rights and PoA statutes, treats untouchability as a crime; practice treats it as custom.
- Sanskritization does not annihilate it; a mobile jati may still untouch someone below.
- Beteille’s disharmony is exact here: constitutional equality beside graded pollution.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD U[Untouchability] --> V[Well temple labour] U --> C[Housing work marriage] U --> N[New media stigma] L[Equal law] --> GAP[Disharmonic gap] C --> GAP
Conclusion
Forms of untouchability run from well and temple exclusion to sanitation labour, housing, marriage policing, and online stigma. A critical view sees change of site, not the end of the institution Ambedkar wanted annihilated.
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