Revision summary
Naxalbari (1967) began as a land and dignity revolt; Malkangiri shows forest isolation and weak services in an LWE theatre. Large industry in backward areas often takes land and forest without real gram sabha consent, causing multiple displacement. That grievance is the political fuel of the LWE doctrine. Corrective work is lawful security, Forest Rights and PESA, land-for-land, local livelihoods, and basic services. Success is titles, schools, and panchayats functioning — not only camps and a factory gate.
Model answer
Flow diagram
flowchart TD IND[Large industry mines dams] --> DIS[Tribal farmer displacement] DIS --> LWE[LWE recruitment] NAX[Naxalbari land spark] --> LWE MAL[Malkangiri forest isolation] --> LWE FIX[PESA FRA local jobs security law] --> MS[Mainstream] LWE --> FIX
Conclusion
- The 2015 National Policy and Action Plan line is right if it is practised: clear, hold, develop, with develop meaning rights.
- Measure success as closed anganwadis reopened and titles granted, not only as insurgents killed.
- Malkangiri needs connectivity and consent; Naxalbari’s memory needs land reform honesty. Both need the State as a fair landlord, not as a broker for the next plant.
Naxalbari named a revolt against agrarian injustice; Malkangiri shows how forest geography and neglect keep LWE alive. Mega industry that isolates tribals and farmers feeds the doctrine. Corrective strategy is lawful security, PESA–FRA consent, an end to serial displacement, and local livelihoods and services. Mainstream growth is a title, a school, and a road that the gram sabha asked for — not a plant on a cleared village.
Quick related
Students also ask
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Is LWE only a police problem?
Violence must be met by professional security. Recruitment falls when land, forest rights, and local jobs work; camps alone do not empty the doctrine.
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Do all big projects cause Naxalism?
No. Projects that share consent, jobs, and revenue with the gram sabha are different from those that isolate and evict. The pattern of the second kind is the security risk.
PYQ trend
When UPSC asked this
Related PYQs from other years, newest first. Open a question to read it.
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2025 · Q10 · GS III · 10 marks
The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you understand by LWE and how are the people affected by it? What measures have been taken by the government to eliminate LWE? -
2018 · Q10 · GS III · 10 marks
Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India's approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (150 Words, 10 Marks).
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Q10 · UPSC Mains 2025 · GS III · 10 marks
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Q20 · UPSC Mains 2023 · GS III · 15 marks
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