Revision summary
Mature Harappan cities are the first large Bronze Age urban system of the Indus–Gujarat belt. Mehrgarh and Early Harappan sites show farming settlement many millennia earlier. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic camps are older still, so “first settlement” is false. Egypt and Mesopotamia are separate Old World civilisations. The Indus script is unread, so political form remains argued even while urbanism is clear.
Model answer
Introduction
The Indus or Harappan urban phase is the first large Bronze Age civilisation of the north-west subcontinent. It is not the first human settlement there, and it is not the only early civilisation in the world. The statement mixes three different facts and must be taken apart.
Body
What the Indus urban phase is
- Mature Harappan cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal (about 2600–1900 BCE in standard teaching chronology) show planned streets, drains, craft specialisation, weights, and long-distance trade.
- John Marshall, R. E. M. Wheeler, S. R. Rao, J. P. Joshi, and later R. S. Bisht at Dholavira established this as urban, not a village cluster with a grand name.
- In that limited sense it is the first “big” civilisation on the Indus–Ghaggar–Hakra and Gujarat systems.
Why “first settlement” is false
- Settlement long predates the cities. Mehrgarh (Balochistan) has aceramic and ceramic Neolithic farming from the eighth–seventh millennium BCE, with houses, barley, and later craft.
- Early Harappan or regional phases — Ravi, Hakra, Kot Diji, Amri, Sothi–Siswal, Bhirrana and Girawad in the Ghaggar belt — are towns and villages before Mature street grids.
- Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation of the same rivers is older still. “First settlement” would erase Soanian terraces, Upper Palaeolithic, and Mesolithic camps.
Why “the” big civilisation is too large a claim
- Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China have their own urban sequences. Indus is one of the Old World river civilisations, not the world’s first.
- Inside India, later Ganga urbanism (mahajanapadas) is another “big” civilisation on a different crop and iron base. It is not a child of Mohenjo-daro in a simple line.
- The script remains undeciphered, so political form — palace, priest-corporate, or merchant elite — is still argued. Urbanism is clear; a single “settlement of civilisation” story is not.
Critical comment
- Keep the praise: Mature Harappan is the subcontinent’s first fully urban Bronze Age system at a large geographic scale.
- Reject the wording: settlement is older, civilisation has several centres, and “first” without dates misleads.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD N[Mehrgarh Neolithic] --> E[Early Harappan villages] E --> U[Mature Harappan cities] U --> C[Urban craft weights drains] P[Palaeolithic Mesolithic] --> N
Conclusion
Indus cities are the first big urban civilisation of the north-west Bronze Age. They are not the first settlements and not the only civilisation. Mehrgarh, Early Harappan villages, and other world rivers break the slogan.
Quick related
Students also ask
-
Discuss the basic tenets of Jainism and its impact on Indian society.
Next question in the 2023 paper (Q2). View answer →
-
Was Harappa the first farming village in the subcontinent?
No. Mehrgarh and other Neolithic sites farmed long before Harappan street grids.
-
Is Indus the first civilisation in the world?
No. It is one of the early river urban systems. Mesopotamia and Egypt are separate sequences.
PYQ trend
When UPSC asked this
Related PYQs from other years, newest first. Open a question to read it.
-
2023 · Q1(a) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Material culture and archaeology -
2023 · Q1(b) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Interface between Purushartha and Ashrama -
2023 · Q1(d) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Prehistoric rock arts from Uttarakhand -
2023 · Q3(b) · Anthropology GS 2 · 15 marks
Was Mesolithic culture the first step towards a sedentary way of life? Illustrate your answer by citing suitable examples. -
2023 · Q4(b) · Anthropology GS 2 · 15 marks
Critically compare Risley's and Sarkar's approaches to the classification of peoples of India. -
2023 · Q5(a) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Scheduled areas -
2023 · Q5(c) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Village as little republic -
2023 · Q5(d) · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Dravidian language and their subgroups
More from this paper
Q1(a) · UPSC Mains 2023 · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Material culture and archaeology
Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization
Material culture is objects and built space left by people. Archaeology recovers them in stratigraphy and infers subsistence, rank, and exchange. Binford stressed function; Hodder stressed meaning. Indian illustrations include Hunsgi, Navdatoli, Bhimbetka, and Harappan weights. Ethnography of living potters and hunters checks how objects enter the soil.
Q1(b) · UPSC Mains 2023 · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Interface between Purushartha and Ashrama
Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization
Purushartha is dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Ashrama is student, householder, forest-dweller, and renouncer. The householder is the stage that must hold artha and kama under dharma. Dumont and Kane treat the pairing as a civilisational ideal. Karve’s ethnography shows that most lives remain in the household stage.
Q1(c) · UPSC Mains 2023 · Anthropology GS 2 · 10 marks
Jajmani system : continuity and change
Caste system in India
Jajmani is hereditary service of artisan and serving castes for landed patrons, named by Wiser. Beidelman stressed coercion; Srinivas and Lewis described harvest shares and rites. Ritual calls to barber and priest continue in many villages. Cash wages, mills, land reform, and MGNREGA have broken daily dependence. Epstein’s Mysore villages show the market replacing customary shares.
Toppers' copies
Toppers' copies for this question will be uploaded soon.