Discuss different forms of deprivation associated with slums.

Material forms

• Shelter deprivation: crowding, fire risk, and lack of tenure, so demolition is a constant threat.
• Water, sanitation, and drainage failure, which hits women first in time and safety.
• Health deprivation: smoke, waste, and epidemic exposure with thin public care.

Work and class

• The slum is often the dormitory of the informal sector. Insecure wages and bondage-like contractor advances travel into the house.
• Circular migrants use slums as a foothold; COVID reverse migration showed they can lose even that foothold overnight.

Social forms

• Caste and religion segregate lanes. Untouchability can reappear as who sweeps and who rents.
• Stigma of the ‘illegal’ resident denies urban citizenship even when the labour is essential.
• School quality and NEP-era digital talk can widen a new educational deprivation inside the same basti.

Political and legal forms

• Weak title blocks credit and address proof. Patronage vote banks can exist beside voicelessness on planning.
• Displacement for ‘development’ repeats the Narmada logic inside the city: the poor move for someone else’s skyline.

Gender

• Seed-and-earth honour plus dense housing raises surveillance and violence. Women’s paid work in the slum is still unpaid care at night.