Revision summary
Marx: class struggle is the essential motor of historical change. Forces versus relations of production create structural conflict. The state is a stake, not a referee. Everyday exploitation is conflict; revolution is its decisive form. Weber, gender, and caste add other essential conflicts. Without struggle, the mode reproduces with crises.
Model answer
Introduction
For Karl Marx, history moves through contradiction in the mode of production. Social conflict, above all class struggle, is not a breakdown of order. It is the essential motor that transforms one set of relations into another. Peaceful growth without that conflict is, in his view, a surface.
Body
Conflict as the motor
- The Communist Manifesto: the history of hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
- Forces of production develop inside relations of production until they fetter. Conflict then becomes revolutionary.
- The state is a stake in that conflict, not a neutral umpire.
Essential, not accidental
- Unlike Emile Durkheim’s pathology of conflict, Marx treats antagonism as structural.
- Unlike a simple riot, class conflict can be more or less conscious. Ideology delays, it does not cancel, the essential role.
- Alienation and exploitation are the everyday form; open struggle is the political form.
How change happens
- Quantitative fights over the working day prepare qualitative change of the mode.
- A new class becomes universal in its claim, then founds a new order.
- Colonial and peasant wars were later fitted, unevenly, into this engine.
Limits to mark while answering “how”
- Max Weber’s status and party conflicts also change societies without a two-class script.
- Gender and caste struggles are essential in India and were under-theorised in the classic texts.
- Ralf Dahrendorf and later conflict theory kept conflict as motor while dropping the guaranteed socialist end.
View in one line
- No class conflict, no transformation of the mode; only reproduction with crises.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD MOP[Mode of production] --> CON[Contradiction] CON --> CS[Class struggle] CS --> CH[Social change] IDE[Ideology] --> DELAY[Delayed consciousness]
Conclusion
Marx views social conflict as essential because contradiction in production must be fought out as class struggle to change the historical form of society. Exploitation is the standing conflict; revolution is its decisive pitch. Use the view as a theory of structural change, and add Weber, gender, and caste so “essential” does not mean “only”.
Quick related
Students also ask
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What is the impact of gender division of labour on the development of society?
Next question in the 2020 paper (Q8). View answer →
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Did Marx enjoy conflict?
He explained it as necessary to emancipation. That is a theory of change, not a taste for violence.
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Is every strike revolutionary?
No. It is conflict inside the mode. Revolution is a change of the mode.
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