Revision summary
Movements are sustained claims that widen the people who count in politics. In developing societies they compensate for thin parties and weak local institutions. Indian environmental and information campaigns, and anti-apartheid struggle, are teaching cases. They feed laws and courts as well as street protest. Violence and State repression are the failure modes, not the definition.
Model answer
Introduction
In developing societies the formal vote often arrived before dense civic institutions. Social movements fill that gap. They put new issues and new groups into the democratic process.
Body
What movements do for democracy
- Charles Tilly treated movements as sustained public claims on power. They expand the demos beyond the notables who first captured independence parties.
- They convert needs into rights language: land, wages, environment, caste dignity, and gender.
- They watch the State between elections, which Guillermo O’Donnell called a dimension of democratic quality, not a luxury.
Developing-society cases
- India’s Chipko, Narmada Bachao, and later right-to-information campaigns pushed accountability onto the public agenda.
- Anti-apartheid mobilisation in South Africa made majority rule more than a constitutional clause.
- Peasant leagues, trade unions, and indigenous movements in Latin America bargained inside and against electoral regimes.
How the process is strengthened
- Agenda setting: issues that parties ignore become campaign material.
- Inclusion: women, Dalits, ethnic minorities, and informal workers learn to organise as citizens.
- Institutional spillover: new laws, commissions, and public-interest litigation often follow street and court combined pressure.
Risks
- Violence, secession, and capture by patrons can weaken the same process.
- The State may criminalise protest and still hold elections. Movement strength then measures how democratic the democracy is.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD SM[Social movements] --> A[Agenda and rights] SM --> I[Inclusion of new groups] A --> D[Stronger democratic process] I --> D E[Elections] --> D
Conclusion
Social movements strengthen developing democracies by widening who claims, what is claimed, and how governments are watched. They are not a substitute for elections. They stop electoral democracy from shrinking to a five-year ritual.
Quick related
Students also ask
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"Political parties and pressure groups are sine qua non of democracy." Comment.
Next question on this syllabus topic (2021 · Q1(b)). View answer →
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Are all protests democratic?
No. Majoritarian riots and armed secession can destroy process. The democratic role is public, rights-based claim-making.
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Do movements undermine elected governments?
They can deadlock policy. They also keep governments answerable, which is part of the democratic process, not only a nuisance.
PYQ trend
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More from this topic
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Of late, centrist and centre-left political parties have been facing setbacks while centre-right parties have been in ascendency the world over. Comment
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Q3(b) · UPSC Mains 2024 · PSIR GS 2 · 15 marks
Critically examine the role of political parties in sustaining and stabilising democracies in the developing societies.
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