Revision summary
NFSA covers up to 75 per cent of rural and 50 per cent of urban population through TPDS. Priority persons get 5 kg a month at Rs 3/2/1; AAY gets 35 kg per household. Maternity benefit, ICDS, and mid-day meals are statutory, with a food security allowance if grain fails. The Act reduced starvation risk and proved its pipeline in COVID years. Malnutrition persists because the entitlement is cereal-heavy and care, WASH, and diet diversity sit outside the ration shop.
Model answer
Introduction
The National Food Security Act, 2013 turned cheap grain from a scheme into a legal entitlement. It covers up to 75 per cent of the rural and 50 per cent of the urban population through the Targeted Public Distribution System, and it links maternity and child feeding to statute. It has reduced starvation risk for millions. It has not eliminated hunger or malnutrition.
Body
Salient features of NFSA 2013
- Coverage ceiling: up to 75 per cent rural and 50 per cent urban population as eligible households.
- Priority households receive 5 kg per person per month of grain at Rs 3/2/1 per kg for rice, wheat, and coarse cereals.
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana households retain 35 kg per household per month.
- Identification of eligible households is left to States within the ceiling, with women as heads of ration cards where possible.
- Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a maternity benefit of not less than Rs 6,000, besides nutritious food through ICDS.
- Children get age-wise meals through ICDS and the mid-day meal (now PM-POSHAN) as legal rights, not only administrative schemes.
- Food Security Allowance is due if entitled grain is not supplied.
- Grievance redress, transparency, and a role for local bodies are written into the Act. TPDS remains the delivery spine.
How the Act has helped
- A rights-based PDS expanded and regularised cheap calories, which cuts starvation deaths and distress grain prices in poor districts when it works.
- Aadhaar and portability (One Nation One Ration Card) later made the same entitlement more usable for migrants, which the 2013 text anticipated as reform of TPDS.
- ICDS and school meals as statute made it harder to quietly close feeding centres. That supports child calorie access even when it does not by itself fix diets.
- During COVID, NFSA plus extra Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan grain showed the value of an existing legal pipeline.
Why hunger and malnutrition are not eliminated
- NFSA is largely a cereal entitlement. Hidden hunger is about protein, fat, iron, and diet diversity. Cheap rice does not end anaemia.
- Leakage, exclusion errors, and quality complaints persist even after digitisation, especially where State capacity is thin.
- Maternity benefit in practice has often been narrower than the Act’s Rs 6,000 vision (PMMVY design and budgets).
- NFHS rounds still show high stunting, wasting, and anaemia. That is malnutrition with a full PDS in many States.
- Open-market price spikes, WASH, women’s education, and care time decide nutrition as much as the ration shop.
- Global Hunger Index methods are debated, but domestic anthropometry is enough to reject a claim of elimination.
What would complete the Bill’s promise
- Fortification where safe, pulses and millets in PDS, ICDS quality, and POSHAN convergence.
- Keep the legal grain floor; add diet quality rather than declaring victory.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD N[NFSA 2013] --> P[TPDS 75 percent rural 50 percent urban] N --> M[Maternity ICDS MDM rights] P --> H[Less starvation risk] M --> H D[Cereal-only leakage care gaps] --> K[Hunger and malnutrition remain]
Conclusion
NFSA 2013 made cheap grain, maternity feeding, ICDS, and mid-day meals justiciable for a large covered population. It has helped against hunger as starvation. It has not eliminated malnutrition, because calories at Rs 3 are not a complete diet or a complete care system.
Quick related
Students also ask
-
What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification?
Next question in the 2021 paper (Q14). View answer →
-
Did the Food Security Act end hunger in India?
No. It created a legal calorie floor for a large covered population. Stunting, anaemia, and diet gaps remain.
-
Is NFSA only the PDS?
PDS is the largest piece. The Act also statutory-ises maternity nutrition, ICDS, and school meals.
PYQ trend
When UPSC asked this
Related PYQs from other years, newest first. Open a question to read it.
-
2024 · Q14 · GS III · 15 marks
Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss. -
2023 · Q14 · GS III · 15 marks
What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization(WTP) in relation to agricultural subsidies. -
2022 · Q3 · GS III · 10 marks
What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India ? How can it be made effective and transparent ? -
2022 · Q12 · GS III · 15 marks
Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective ? Explain. -
2015 · Q5 · GS III · 12 marks
In what way could replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss.
More from this paper
Q1 · UPSC Mains 2021 · GS III · 10 marks
Explain the difference between computing methodology of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.
Indian Economy
The 2015 revision moved the base from 2004-05 to 2011-12 and replaced GDP at factor cost with GVA at basic prices. Headline GDP is at market prices, in line with SNA 2008. MCA21 and wider financial and local-body coverage changed what enters the total. New IIP and price deflators mean the series is not a relabelled old index. Debate on comparability is fair; a conspiracy reading is not.
Q2 · UPSC Mains 2021 · GS III · 10 marks
Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets.
Government Budgeting
Revenue Budget covers tax and non-tax receipts and spending that does not create assets. Capital Budget covers borrowings, disinvestment, loan recoveries, and asset-creating outlays. Salaries, interest, and subsidies sit on the revenue side; roads, equity, and loans sit on the capital side. A revenue deficit means borrowing to consume, not only to invest. FRBM reading needs both splits, not a single deficit number.
Q3 · UPSC Mains 2021 · GS III · 10 marks
How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers ?
Crops, Irrigation and Marketing
Serious land reform meant title and recorded tenancy, not only ceiling statutes. West Bengal’s Operation Barga and Kerala’s tenancy-homestead path lifted small-farmer security and credit. Gains included investment, bargaining power, and a rural political voice. Most States failed on ceilings and left benami holdings intact. Title is a floor for welfare; markets and water still decide today’s income.
Toppers' copies
Toppers' copies for this question will be uploaded soon.