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Definition
Empiricism – observation-based, scientific & systematic.
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Example / case study
Land alienation narratives in tribal communities.
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Thinkers
• Bronislaw Malinowski – Trobriand Islanders (Kula exchange): E.E. Evans-Pritchard – Nuer political system; W.H.R. Rivers – Torres Strait Expedition; Kenneth Good - Yanomami Tribe of Brazil. • Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs.
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Definition
Established Dept. of Anthropology, Calcutta University.
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Thinkers
S.C. Roy (1871–1942) – First Indian Ethnographer • Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs.
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Definition
Consciousness is always directed towards something (memory, idea, object).
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Example / case study
Malinowski’s study of Trobriand Islanders. Clifford Geertz – Cockfight (removed personal bias). Travis Martin – Veterans’ homecoming experiences.
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Definition
Separation from old identity, roles, and outside life
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Example / case study
Land alienation narratives in tribal communities.
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Thinkers
• Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs. L.H. Morgan (Iroquois, 1840s – though semi-field): British Field Tradition.
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Definition
Holistic approach | Specialized approach
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Example / case study
in Indian Tribes: ICMR (2009) studies utilized these techniques to identify widespread Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among Indian tribal communities, using Body Mass Index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference as primary indicators of health status. in Indian Tribes: Clinical surveys conducted in tribal regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh revealed a high prevalence of Goiter (iodine deficiency) and Bitot’s spots (Vitamin A deficiency) in Indian Context: According to NFHS-5 (2019–21) data, more than 57% of Indian women aged 15–49 are anemic. This assessment relies on hemoglobin tests to provide biochemical evidence of poor iron status across the population. in Global Tribes: Among the Maasai pastoralists, Galvin (1992) used dietary recall to document their extreme seasonal dependence on milk and meat, showing how their health fluctuates with their herding cycles
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Thinkers
Eric Wolf | Anthropology as an interdisciplinary discipline
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Definition
Tribal customs incorporated into Hinduism → smooth absorption.
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Example / case study
Yellamma – mother goddess of tribes, seen as incarnation of Parvati. Bhil story – integrated into Shiva-Parvati narrative. Khasas (UK) – polyandry linked to Pandavas.
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Thinkers
Eg. OBC rise in North India (Jaffrelot: Silent Revolution). • Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs.
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Definition
Biological anthropology studies human evolution, heredity, variation and adaptation using scientific methods, while recognising the influence of culture on biology.
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Example / case study
Raj Banshi: Different status in Assam (OBC), WB (SC), Meghalaya (ST). Earlier Kshatriya demand in 1921 status, then sc status(WB) then Kamatpur state having ST status. Bodo vs Kachari (Assam): Kacharis claimed to be Bodos → conflict with Bodos. Religious & Linguistic Minorities in India
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Definition
Technique, Method and Methodology
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Example / case study
Land alienation narratives in tribal communities. Joint Forest Management (JFM) under FRA 2006.
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Thinkers
Clifford Geertz – “Thick description” in Balinese Cockfight.: Quantitative Data. L.H. Morgan (Iroquois, 1840s – though semi-field): British Field Tradition.
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Definition
Empiricism – observation-based, scientific & systematic.
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Example / case study
• Tribal narratives of displacement in India Traced migration from Deccan–Konkan region → Son valley → Chotanagpur Plateau.
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Thinkers
L.H. Morgan (Iroquois, 1840s – though semi-field): British Field Tradition.
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Definition
secondary sources of information
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Example / case study
Land alienation narratives in tribal communities.
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Thinkers
• Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs.
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Definition
Ethnography and it’s type(7) & ethnology
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Example / case study
Land alienation narratives in tribal communities.
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Thinkers
• Interview – Margaret Mead (Samoa adolescence study): Genealogical method – W.H.R. Rivers (Toda tribe); Survey method – M.N. Srinivas (Rampura village study); Case study – Oscar Lewis (Culture of Poverty, Mexico). Bronislaw Malinowski — participant observation; culture exists to satisfy biological and psychological needs.