Revision summary
Social facts are external and constraining; they are not introspected. Problems: prenotions, observer feeling, and office-made statistics. Durkheim: define externally and compare. Blumer and Weber add meaning and value-relevance. Oakley adds the interview as a social relation. Suicide files illustrate the official-classification problem.
Model answer
Introduction
- Emile Durkheim asked observers to treat social facts as things: external, constraining, and general. The problems he named, and those his method creates, sit in how we see those facts without turning them into private opinions or into the researcher’s wish.
Body
Problems he himself flagged
- Social facts are not given to introspection. The observer’s feelings are not the fact.
- Official statistics, as in Suicide, are already classified by offices. Definition and recording vary.
- Prenotions—everyday words such as crime or religion—must be discarded for constructed definitions.
Problems his rule creates
- Treating facts as things can freeze meanings that actors still negotiate, which Herbert Blumer later stressed.
- The observer is also in society. Value-relevance, as Max Weber argued, selects which fact is seen.
- Gendered and colonial prenotions hid women’s work and caste as “custom”.
Practical observation problems
- Access, lying, and the interview as a relation, after Ann Oakley.
- Rates without ethnography miss how a death became a suicide file.
Durkheim’s remedies
- Define by external characteristics, compare, and seek concomitant variation.
- Use law, rates, and institutions as indicators, not as inner states.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD SF[Social facts] --> OBS[Observation] PRE[Prenotions feeling] --> PROB[Problems] OFF[Official classification] --> PROB DEF[External definition comparison] --> REM[Durkheim remedy]
Conclusion
For Durkheim, the problems of observing social facts are prenotions, inner feeling, and impure official files. His remedy is definition, externality, and comparison. Later sociology added standpoint, meaning, and gender as further problems his “thing” rule underplayed.
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Intellectual forces made society worldly, comparable, and criticisable. Montesquieu, Smith, Rousseau, and Comte prepared comparison, market, inequality, and a named science. Marx, Durkheim, and Weber filled the space with class, social facts, and action. Nisbet’s conservative problems also fed the tradition. Ideas licensed the discipline; industry made it urgent.
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Is sociology a value-free science ? Discuss.
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Weber: value-relevance in questions; value-discipline in proof. Marx, Gouldner, and Harding reject a personless science. Oakley: the interview is already a moral relation. Census categories carry values into counts. Verdict: not value-free; yes to disciplined demonstration.
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Methodology is a system of rules, principles and procedures, which forms. scientific investigation. Comment.
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