"Globalization has pushed the labour into informal organization of work." Substantiate your answer with suitable examples.

Mechanisms that informalise

• Karl Marx’s world market lets capital search for cheaper, more flexible labour. Subcontract is the organisational form.
• Max Weber’s bureaucratic core remains in headquarters; the margin is a chain of vendors without files.
• Trade liberalisation and export zones demand just-in-time labour, often women in garments, which Ann Oakley-type analysis reads as feminised flexibility.
• Platforms are global in ownership and local in the rider’s body, with algorithm command and no tenure.

Examples

• Garment and electronics supply chains: a brand in one country, workshops and homeworkers in another, as in Indian Tiruppur or Noida-type clusters.
• Construction and circular migrants: global real-estate money, informal maistry systems, no union of the classic mill type.
• IT and BPOs: global clients, formal campuses, and a periphery of contract and night work.
• Gig delivery and ride-hail: global apps, informal self-employment in law, industrial control in practice.
• Care chains: nurses and domestic workers abroad; households at home informalise leftover care.

What the statement must not erase

• Some global firms run highly formal internal labour markets.
• Emile Durkheim’s occupational groups are weak at the informal margin, producing anomic flexibility.
• Robert K. Merton’s latent function of “flexibility” is cost-shifting onto workers.
• The Indian PLFS still shows a large informal majority that predates 1990s liberalisation; globalisation intensified and rebranded it, including in services.
• Talcott Parsons’s adaptive economy grew; the integrative union lagged, a cultural lag in Ogburn’s sense.

Substantiation, judged

• Push is real through subcontract, export discipline, and platforms.
• Not every worker was previously a mill hand. Agrarian and caste labour were already extra-contractual.
• The new fact is informalisation inside globally linked value chains.