Revision summary
Elite theory claims that an organised minority always rules; democracy changes circulation, not the fact of minority rule. Mosca, Pareto, and Michels supplied the classical Italian and organisational core, including the iron law of oligarchy. Schumpeter redefined democracy as competition among elites for the vote rather than as the people willing the general will. Mills described a more closed power elite; Dahl answered with polyarchy and plural minorities. The democratic task is to keep elites plural, replaceable, and accountable rather than to pretend that nobody leads.
Model answer
Introduction
Elite theory says that in every political society a minority organises and rules. Democracy does not abolish that fact. It changes how elites circulate, compete, and justify themselves. The theory is a cold reading of Rousseau’s people and of textbook majority rule.
Body
The classical Italian school
Gaetano Mosca wrote of a ruling class that monopolises organisation and political formulae — the moral stories that make rule look rightful. Vilfredo Pareto spoke of the circulation of elites, lions and foxes, residues and derivations. History is the replacement of one minority by another, not the arrival of the people as such. Robert Michels, studying socialist parties, stated the iron law of oligarchy: organisation needs leaders; leaders become a caste. Even parties of equality grow oligarchic.
- Their mood was often anti-democratic. The descriptive claim still bites: parties and bureaucracies concentrate skill, and the many cannot govern day to day.
Democratic elite theory
Joseph Schumpeter redefined democracy as a method: competing elites bid for votes. The voter chooses teams, not Rousseau’s general will. Max Weber had described party machines. C. Wright Mills pictured a more closed power elite of military, corporate, and political chiefs.
Robert Dahl answered with polyarchy: multiple minorities in contest. Giovanni Sartori took democracy as the least bad way to replace elites. The criticism is that civic education dies if voters are only consumers, and that Gramsci’s hegemony can close competition. Indian dynastic parties and anti-incumbency show oligarchy and circulation together.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD E[Elite theory] --> M[Mosca ruling class] E --> P[Pareto circulation] E --> I[Michels oligarchy] E --> S[Schumpeter competition] S --> D[Democracy as method]
Conclusion
Elite theory of democracy holds that organised minorities govern, and that democracy is the competition and circulation of those minorities under rules. Mosca, Pareto, and Michels stated the hard core. Schumpeter made it a definition of democracy. The task of a democratic theory is not to deny elites, but to keep them replaceable, plural, and publicly accountable.
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Students also ask
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What is the Marxist and liberal approach towards the state? On what grounds the theoretical differences between them are premised? Explain
Next question in the 2025 paper (Q2). View answer →
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Does elite theory say democracy is fake?
The pessimistic Italian school often did. Schumpeterian theory says democracy is real as a method of authorising and replacing elites, not as popular self-rule on every file.
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How does Gramsci differ?
Gramsci’s hegemony explains how elites rule through culture and consent in civil society, which elite theory of office-holders can miss.
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