Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization

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Definition

Claimed → even tribes are backward Hindus, included in caste.
Example / case study

Lucia Michelutti (The Vernacularisation of Democracy, 2008) → Yadavs of UP link identity to Krishna descent. John Cort (Jains in the World, 2001) → Oswals consider themselves superior to other Jain castes (Shrimals, Porwals). Anuja Agrawal (Chaste Wives and Prostitute Sisters, 2008) → Bedia community narrates their Rajput origin despite prostitution as occupation. Badri Narayan (Fascinating Hindutva, 2009) → Pasi community of Bihar trace descent from Parashuram (pa+asi = grip + sword), reinterpret pig-rearing as heroic defense of women during Mughal invasions.

Short notes for this Anthropology syllabus heading.