Revision summary
Stratification is institutional ranking that produces unequal resources, honour and power. Marx stresses property; Weber separates class, status and party. Bourdieu explains reproduction through several forms of capital and habitus. Dumont highlighted purity hierarchy; Ambedkar highlighted endogamy, graded inequality and coercion. Srinivas showed Sanskritisation and dominant caste, mobility that need not end hierarchy. Intersectionality, law and movements show both compounded inequality and resistance.
Model answer
Introduction
Social stratification is the durable, institutional ranking of categories of people into unequal life chances, honour, resources and power. Difference becomes inequality when it is inherited, justified and reproduced through institutions.
Body
How hierarchy reproduces itself
Karl Marx located class inequality in ownership of productive property: dominant classes control labour and ideology. Max Weber separated class, status and party, explaining why ritual honour or political power need not follow income exactly. Davis and Moore claimed unequal rewards motivate socially necessary roles; Melvin Tumin replied that inherited privilege restricts talent and lets elites define which work is valuable.
Pierre Bourdieu shows reproduction through economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital. Schools can convert a dominant group's language and habitus into apparently neutral merit. Louis Dumont's Homo Hierarchicus interpreted caste through purity and pollution, while B. R. Ambedkar centred graded inequality, endogamy and coercion. M. N. Srinivas's Sanskritisation demonstrates mobility, but often mobility within rather than abolition of hierarchy. Dominant caste links number, land and political office.
Endogamy transmits status and property; occupational closure restricts opportunity; ideology naturalises privilege; law and everyday discrimination enforce boundaries. Gendered unpaid care and control of marriage reproduce caste and class together. Dalit women's location shows Kimberlé Crenshaw's intersectional insight: axes of inequality combine rather than simply add.
Stratification is not perfectly closed. Reservation, urbanisation, social movements, education and democratic politics create mobility and counter-power. Yet wealth, networks, English-medium credentials, residential segregation and digital access can remake old advantage in new forms. Functional integration cannot excuse unequal dignity, and a purely ritual account misses land and violence.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD R[Unequal resources] --> I[Institutions] I --> E[Endogamy education occupation] E --> L[Legitimating ideology] L --> C[Unequal life chances] C --> R M[Movements law and mobility] -. challenge .-> I
Conclusion
Stratification sustains inequality by turning resources into inherited status and then naming the result merit, purity or tradition. Marx, Weber, Bourdieu and Ambedkar together reveal material, cultural and political reproduction; agency and constitutional justice reveal that it is never uncontested.
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