Explanation
- A
Earth Summit, Rio-de-Janeiro
The Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro (1992) produced UNFCCC, CBD and Agenda 21. It set the climate convention, but the tradable ‘carbon credit’ / Kyoto unit architecture is not said to have originated there as this item keys it.
- B
Kyoto protocol
The Kyoto Protocol (adopted 1997, in force 2005) created quantified emission commitments and flexible mechanisms—emissions trading, CDM and Joint Implementation—from which the carbon-credit idea in exam usage originates. That is the official key.
- C
Montreal protocol
The Montreal Protocol (1987) is the ozone-depleting-substances treaty, not the carbon-market instrument. Mixing climate carbon with ozone gases is the trap.
- D
G-8 Summit, Heiligendum
A G-8 meeting at Heiligendamm (2007) discussed climate among other issues; it did not originate carbon credits.
Summary. Official key is (b) the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon credits in this syllabus mean Kyoto-style units generated or traded under flexibility mechanisms, especially CDM. Rio created the parent convention; Montreal protects the ozone layer; Heiligendamm is a later G-8 venue. Do not date carbon markets to 1992 Rio. Honour the stored letter (b).
Same topic · past papers
UPPSC has asked this before
These previous-year questions sit on the same topic. Open one to practise the earlier ask.
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