Correct answer: (c) 2010
Explanation
- A
1999
1999 is too early; HDR still used the Human Poverty Index through the 2000s.
- B
2005
2005 is still in the HPI era of the Human Development Report.
- C
2010
HDR 2010 introduced the Multidimensional Poverty Index (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP), replacing HPI. That is the official key.
- D
2015
2015 is the SDG launch year, not the MPI debut in the HDR.
Summary. Official key is (c) 2010. HPI appeared in HDR 1997 (health, education, economic provision). MPI uses health, education and living-standards deprivations at the household level. Honour the stored letter (c).
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