Given below are two statements, one is labelled asAssertion (a) :and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A):Article 30 of the Constitution of India does not define the term 'minorities".Reason (R):The Constitution recognises only linguistic and religious minorities.Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

1. A

   Both (a) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (a)

   (a) Both true and (R) explains (A). Article 30 indeed leaves ‘minorities’ undefined, and the Constitution’s scheme is linguistic and religious—but that recognition is not the reason the article omits a definition. The stored key therefore refuses explanation.

2. B

   Both (a) and (R) are true bus (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

   (b) Both true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Article 30 does not define ‘minorities’. Articles 29–30 and allied practice treat linguistic and religious minorities. Definitional silence and the two recognised axes are both true; (R) does not cause (A). Official key.

3. C

   (a) is true, but (R) is false

   (c) (A) true, (R) false. (R) is not false in the usual constitutional reading: racial or caste ‘minority’ is not the Article 30 category.

4. D

   (a) is false, but (R) is true

   (d) (A) false, (R) true. (A) is not false: no clause of Article 30 supplies a definition of minority.

Summary. Official key is (b). Both are true, but (R) does not explain (A). Article 30 is silent on the meaning of ‘minorities’; the Constitution’s protection is read as linguistic and religious. Silence and recognition are parallel facts. Honour the stored letter (b).