The Human Development Index (HDI) was first developed by which of the following?

1. A

   UNDP

   (a) UNDP. The Human Development Index was launched in 1990 in the UNDP Human Development Report, designed by Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen’s capability frame. That stored body is the official key.

2. B

   IMF

   (b) IMF. The Fund watches balance of payments and conditionality, not the HDI. It is not the key.

3. C

   UNICEF

   (c) UNICEF. UNICEF is the child-rights agency; it did not first publish HDI.

4. D

   UNCTAD

   (d) UNCTAD. UNCTAD works on trade and development, not the first HDI.

Summary. Official key is (a) UNDP. HDI began with UNDP’s 1990 report. IMF, UNICEF and UNCTAD are other UN-family names. Neighbouring pillars are health, education and income. Honour UNDP for this paper.