Given below are two statements, one is labelled asAssertion (A) :and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A):Turkish invasions of India were successful.Reason (R):There was no political unity in North India.Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

1. A

   Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

   (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Turkish cavalry did succeed in north India, and the stored reason is the lack of political unity among Rajput and other powers. Disunity let Ghaznavid and Ghurid thrusts pick states one by one. That letter is the official key.

2. B

   Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

   (b) Both true but (R) not the explanation. The paper treats disunity as the explanation of success, so splitting truth from explanation is not the key.

3. C

   (A) is true, but (R) is false

   (c) (A) true, (R) false. North Indian political unity was indeed missing in the eleventh–twelfth centuries, so (R) is not false.

4. D

   (A) is false, but (R) is true

   (d) (A) false, (R) true. Turkish invasions did succeed in establishing sultanates; (A) is not false.

Summary. Official key is (a) Both (A) and (R) true and (R) explains (A). Assertion and reason both hold: Turkish invasions succeeded where north India lacked a single front. Second battles of Tarain (1192) followed fragmented Rajput polity. Honour the stored explanation link. Neighbouring names are Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghor.