Correct answer: (c) I and III only
Explanation
- A
I and II only
I and II only. II fails: several of the 30 critical minerals are import-heavy (lithium, cobalt, nickel, etc.).
- B
II and III only
II and III only. Drops MSP membership, which holds.
- C
I and III only
I and III only. India is an MSP member. The MMDR Amendment Act, 2023 empowers the Centre to auction mining leases and composite licences for specified critical minerals. II is false.
- D
I, II and III
All three. II is the over-claim.
Summary. Official key is (c) I and III only. India joined the Minerals Security Partnership, and the 2023 MMDR amendment lets the Centre auction specified critical minerals. India is not resource-rich in all 30 identified critical minerals — II is the trap. (a) keeps II; (b) drops I; (d) all three.
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