Correct answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
- A
1 only
(a) 1 only. Part IVA does not itself lay down a legislative process to enforce Fundamental Duties. Statement 1 is false.
- B
2 only
(b) 2 only. Duties in 51A are constitutional moral precepts, not automatically correlative legal duties in the same way as statutory obligations. Statement 2 is not accepted as true here.
- C
Both 1 and 2
(c) Both 1 and 2. Both fail. Not the key.
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2. Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) are non-justiciable as a set: the Constitution does not provide a general enforcement process, and they are not simply correlative legal duties. This is the official key.
Summary. Official key is (d) neither 1 nor 2. The 42nd Amendment added Fundamental Duties; the 86th added the education duty. They guide citizens but are not, as a package, backed by a constitutional enforcement code, nor are they the jural correlatives of every legal duty. Parliament may create specific offences (for example flag law) without turning 51A into a justiciable charter. Both statements therefore fall.
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