Explanation
- A
a simple majority of members present and voting
(a) a simple majority of members present and voting. Article 108 joint sittings decide the bill by a majority of the members of both Houses present and voting—i.e. a simple majority of those present and voting. That is the official key.
- B
three-fourths majority of members present and voting
(b) three-fourths majority of members present and voting. No such 3/4 rule exists for a joint sitting. That fraction is used in other special procedures, not here.
- C
two-thirds majority of the Houses
(c) two-thirds majority of the Houses. Two-thirds appears in constitutional amendment (Article 368) and some impeachment/removal votes, not in Article 108.
- D
absolute majority of the Houses
(d) absolute majority of the Houses. Absolute majority (more than half of total membership) is not the Article 108 formula.
Summary. Official key is (a) a simple majority of members present and voting. A joint sitting under Article 108 passes the disputed bill by that ordinary majority of those present and voting. Three-fourths, two-thirds and absolute-majority tests belong to other constitutional procedures. Only simple present-and-voting majority is keyed.
Same topic · past papers
UPSC has asked this before
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