When a bill is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses of the Parliament, it has to be passed by

1. A

   a simple majority of members present and voting

   (a) a simple majority of members present and voting. Article 108 joint sittings decide the bill by a majority of the members of both Houses present and voting—i.e. a simple majority of those present and voting. That is the official key.

2. B

   three-fourths majority of members present and voting

   (b) three-fourths majority of members present and voting. No such 3/4 rule exists for a joint sitting. That fraction is used in other special procedures, not here.

3. C

   two-thirds majority of the Houses

   (c) two-thirds majority of the Houses. Two-thirds appears in constitutional amendment (Article 368) and some impeachment/removal votes, not in Article 108.

4. D

   absolute majority of the Houses

   (d) absolute majority of the Houses. Absolute majority (more than half of total membership) is not the Article 108 formula.

Summary. Official key is (a) a simple majority of members present and voting. A joint sitting under Article 108 passes the disputed bill by that ordinary majority of those present and voting. Three-fourths, two-thirds and absolute-majority tests belong to other constitutional procedures. Only simple present-and-voting majority is keyed.