Revision summary
Slums are the residential face of informal urban labour. Effects include service deficit, disease, and insecure tenure. Women carry extra water and care costs. The formal city depends on this cheap labour. Politics oscillates between eviction and patronage, not yet full urban citizenship.
Model answer
Introduction
Growing slums are the housing form of India’s urban informal economy. Their effects are overcrowding, insecure tenure, cheap labour for the city, and a politics of vote versus eviction.
Body
Housing and services
- Slums concentrate people without title, water, and sanitation. The city extracts labour while delaying citizenship of space.
- Women and children carry the water and disease load, a feminization of urban poverty.
Labour and class
- Slums house construction, domestic, and vending workers that Breman placed in the informal market.
- They subsidise formal India with cheap services next to malls, a spatial disharmony Beteille would recognise in another key.
Health and stigma
- TB, undernutrition, and fire risk are ecological effects. Caste clusters inside slums can repeat village rank.
Politics
- Patron parties trade stay against demolition. Rights-based housing and in-situ upgrade are the alternative to treating slums as only a nuisance.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD MG[Rural migrant informal] --> SL[Slum] SL --> LB[Cheap city labour] SL --> HS[Health tenure deficit] SL --> VT[Vote eviction politics]
Conclusion
- Growing slums effect a dual city: growth on informal housing. The sociological task is tenure, services, and labour rights, not only clearance.
Quick related
Students also ask
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Discuss the changing nature of the problems of working class in the informal sector of the economy.
Next question in the 2016 paper (Q6). View answer →
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Do slums exist because of illegal migrants only?
Most residents are Indian workers the city needs. Illegality of land is often the state’s planning failure.
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Will more high-rises end slums?
Without affordable tenure and wages, high-rises relocate the poor to farther informal belts.
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