Identify and evaluate the reasons for deadlock in the WTO negotiations on

Model answer

Introduction

WTO fisheries talks sit in the Doha Round mandate to curb harmful subsidies. Developing and developed members agree that overfishing is real. They deadlock on who may still subsidise, for how long, and under what special and differential treatment.

Body

What the negotiation is about

The Doha Development Agenda asked Members to clarify and improve WTO rules on fisheries subsidies, targeting illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overfished stocks, and overcapacity.
The SDG 14.6 deadline added political heat. Ministerial Conference 12 in 2022 produced a partial Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. The hardest pillar, overcapacity and overfishing with wide exceptions, was left for later. That leftover is the continuing North–South deadlock.

Reasons for deadlock

Historical responsibility: developing coastal States argue that industrial distant-water fleets of the EU, Japan, the United States, and others built overcapacity. They want policy space for small-scale fishers and for national food security.
Special and differential treatment (S&DT): India and the African, Caribbean and Pacific group seek longer transition periods, higher de minimis thresholds, and exemptions for low-income fishers. Developed Members treat open-ended S&DT as a loophole for large emerging fleets, including China’s.
IUU listing and determination: who certifies a vessel as IUU, coastal State or a rich-member list, is a sovereignty fight.
Transparency and notification: weak data in the South meets demands for vessel-level reporting that many administrations cannot yet meet.
Livelihood versus export: Northern conservation NGOs and some developed governments frame a global public good. Southern negotiators frame artisanal employment and protein.
Single-undertaking memory: fisheries was tied to agriculture and industrial market access for years, so mistrust from the wider Doha stall spilled into this file.
China’s dual status: a developing-member label with a huge distant-water fleet blurs the old North–South binary and hardens US and EU positions.

Evaluation

The deadlock is not ignorance of science. It is distribution: who pays for conservation with jobs and who keeps fuel and vessel subsidies.
A ban on IUU and on subsidies to already overfished stocks is the easier moral consensus. Capacity-enhancing subsidies are the class conflict of the world-economy, which Wallerstein’s hierarchy helps name.
Partial legal success at MC12 shows bargaining is possible when the most sensitive S&DT and overcapacity texts are parked. Parking is not settlement.

Flow diagram

flowchart TD
  D[Doha fisheries mandate] --> IUU[IUU and overfished stocks]
  D --> OC[Overcapacity subsidies]
  SDT[S and DT India ACP] --> OC
  N[EU US Japan conservation] --> OC
  OC --> DL[North-South deadlock]

Conclusion

Fisheries deadlock is a North–South bargain over S&DT, historical overcapacity, IUU designation, and China’s fleet, not a quarrel about whether fish stocks matter. Until livelihood space for developing coastal States is written in durable exceptions, the Doha fisheries file will keep stalling on the hard pillar.

Students also ask

Did the 2022 WTO deal end the deadlock?

It closed two pillars and left overcapacity and wide S&DT for a second wave. The North–South argument therefore continues.

Why is China central to the fight?

It negotiates as a developing Member while running a major distant-water fleet, which developed Members use to resist broad exemptions.

When UPSC asked this

Related PYQs from other years, newest first. Open a question to read it.

Critically examine the impact of Globalisation on the developing countries of the world

Globalisation

Globalisation is deeper cross-border economic and legal integration, marked by the WTO era. Some developing countries gained manufacturing and services growth. Others faced financial crises, TRIPS costs, and commodity dependence. Wallerstein and Cox stress hierarchy; Keohane stresses what regimes can still do for weaker States. India’s post-1991 path is partial opening plus defence of policy space, not a single verdict for all of the South.

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Q1(b) · UPSC Mains 2022 · PSIR GS 2 · 10 marks

What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation?