Given below are two statements, one is labelled asAssertion (A) :and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A):Turkish invasion on India was successful.Reason (R):There was no political unity in North India.Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

1. A

   Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

   Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). This option states that Turkish invasions succeeded precisely because North India lacked political unity among its various ruling dynasties, which is historically accurate as fragmented kingdoms failed to present a collective front against invaders like Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori.

2. B

   (A) is false, but (R) is true.

   (A) is false, but (R) is true. This option incorrectly claims that the Turkish invasion was unsuccessful, ignoring the well-documented establishment of Delhi Sultanate rule following these military campaigns.

3. C

   Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

   Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). This choice errs by disconnecting the lack of political unity from the actual success of the invasions, whereas disunity was the primary vulnerability exploited by the invaders.

4. D

   (A) is true, but (R) is false.

   (A) is true, but (R) is false. This claim incorrectly dismisses the historical reality of political fragmentation in North India during the medieval period.

Summary. Official key is (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). The assertion correctly notes the historical success of Turkish invasions on Indian soil. The reason accurately highlights the absence of political cohesion and unity among North Indian principalities. Because petty kingdoms fought among themselves instead of uniting, foreign conquerors easily defeated them one by one. Thus, reason (R) provides the exact structural cause for the truth described in assertion (A).