Explanation
- A
Oil refining
Oil refining yields gases, liquid hydrocarbons and sludge; fly ash is not its characteristic solid waste.
- B
Fertilizer industry
Fertiliser plants may emit fluoride, ammonia or gypsum-related wastes. Fly ash is not their signature pollutant in this item.
- C
Thermal power plant
Fly ash is the fine residue of pulverised coal burnt in thermal power stations. That industry is the official key.
- D
Mining
Mining produces overburden, tailings and dust, not the siliceous fly ash of coal boilers.
Summary. Official key is (c) thermal power plant. Indian coal is high-ash; electrostatic precipitators and ash ponds are the usual controls; fly ash is also pushed into cement and bricks. Refineries, fertiliser units and mines have other waste streams. Honour the stored letter (c).
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