Which of the following methods has/have been used to estimate poverty in India?1.Head Count Ratio2.Calorie intake3.Household Consumption Expenditure4.Per Capita IncomeSelect the correct answer from the codes given below.

1. A

   2 and 3

   2 and 3 omit the head-count ratio, which is the share of people below the poverty line and the workhorse poverty statistic.

2. B

   1, 2 and 3

   1, 2 and 3 is the official key. India has used the head-count ratio, calorie-intake norms (Planning Commission / Expert Groups) and household consumption expenditure (NSS) to estimate poverty. Per capita income is not the official poverty method here.

3. C

   3 only

   Consumption expenditure alone is necessary but not the full set used in Indian poverty measurement.

4. D

   1, 2, 3 and 4

   Adding per capita income over-states the toolkit; PCI is a development/level-of-living indicator, not the Planning Commission poverty line method.

Summary. Official key is (b) 1, 2 and 3. Tendulkar, Lakdawala and Alagh lines all rest on consumption and, historically, calorie anchors, reported as a head-count ratio. Honour the stored letter (b).