Explanation
- A
Mutation
(a) Mutation. A change in the base sequence within a gene is a mutation (point mutation if one base; indel if insertion/deletion). That is the official key.
- B
Cloning
(b) Cloning. Cloning copies an organism or gene; it is not itself a base-sequence change.
- C
Fusion
(c) Fusion. Cell or protoplast fusion is a biotechnological joining, not a gene-sequence change.
- D
Breeding
(d) Breeding. Breeding selects and crosses organisms; mutation may feed it but is not the definition of a base change.
Summary. Official key is (a). Change in a gene’s base sequence is mutation. Cloning, fusion and breeding are different operations.
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