Correct answer: (a) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation
- A
Mahatma Gandhi
(a) Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi distrusted centralised industrial planning and the heavy-industry Nehruvian model; village swaraj and trusteeship were his counter. Among the four names he is the one who opposed planned development as practised after 1950. Official key.
- B
Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru. Architect of the Planning Commission (1950) and the Five-Year Plans, not an opponent.
- C
Indira Gandhi
(c) Indira Gandhi. Deepened planning and the public sector in the 1960s–70s; not an opponent of planned development.
- D
Rajiv Gandhi
(d) Rajiv Gandhi. Associated with later liberalising technology policy, but not the classic opponent of planning in this four-name set.
Summary. Official key is (a) Mahatma Gandhi. Nehru built the plan state; Indira expanded it. Gandhi’s constructive programme rejected that centralised path. Honour the stored letter (a).
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