The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) shows the relationship between per capita GDP and environmental loss. What is the shape of Environmental Kuznets Curve?

1. A

   Inverted "U" shaped

   The Environmental Kuznets Curve is inverted-U shaped: pollution or environmental damage first rises with per capita income, then falls after a turning point as cleaner technology and regulation appear. That shape is the official key.

2. B

   Inverted "V" shaped

   An inverted V would be a sharp peak without the smooth Kuznets hump. It is not the standard EKC drawing.

3. C

   Inverted 'L' shaped

   An inverted L is not the textbook EKC.

4. D

   None of these

   A shape is specified: inverted U. ‘None of these’ is wrong.

Summary. Official key is (a) inverted U. EKC plots environmental degradation against per capita GDP as a Kuznets-style hump, not V or L.