Revision summary
Disaster types are natural or man-made, slow-onset or sudden. Functions are prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. DM Act 2005 creates NDMA, SDMA, DDMA, NDRF, and disaster funds. IMD, CWC, and INCOIS are the warning rails; Sendai and the PM’s Ten-Point Agenda set the cycle. Local volunteers make the last mile of every function.
Model answer
Introduction
Disaster management is the organised cycle that reduces risk, responds to a shock, and rebuilds. Types classify the hazard; functions classify what the State must do. India’s frame is the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
Body
Types
- Natural hazards include earthquake, flood, drought, cyclone, landslide, and epidemic; man-made hazards include industrial, chemical, nuclear, fire, and stampedes.
- Slow-onset events such as drought need food, water, and livelihood tools; sudden-onset floods and earthquakes need search, rescue, and hospitals.
- Biological events sit in the same national classification after the pandemic experience.
Functions
- Prevention and mitigation cut exposure: building codes, embankments, heat-action plans, and the Sendai Framework’s ‘understand risk’ pillar.
- Preparedness is warning, drills, and stocks: IMD, CWC, INCOIS, and State control rooms.
- Response and recovery are NDRF/SDRF rescue, relief, and ‘build back better’ reconstruction under NDMA, SDMA, and DDMA.
PM’s Ten-Point Agenda on disaster risk reduction and State disaster response funds complete the finance-and-priority functions.
Flow diagram
flowchart TD T[Types natural man-made] --> A[DM Act 2005] A --> N[NDMA SDMA DDMA] A --> R[NDRF SDRF] A --> W[IMD CWC warning] N --> F[Mitigate respond rebuild] R --> F W --> F
Conclusion
Types split natural and man-made, slow and sudden. Functions are mitigation, preparedness, response, and reconstruction on the DM Act, 2005, with NDMA–NDRF and Sendai as the named rails.
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Does NDMA replace the State?
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