Explanation
- A
1 only
Option (a) is 1 only. The inaugural Indian Ocean Naval Symposium was held in New Delhi in 2008 under the Indian Navy’s chairmanship, not in 2015. Statement 1 is false. This option is not the key.
- B
2 only
Statement 2 is correct: IONS is a voluntary initiative to increase maritime cooperation among navies of Indian Ocean littoral states. Statement 1 gets the inaugural year wrong. Hence 2 only is the official key.
- C
Both 1 and 2
Option (c) is both. The 2015 date for the inaugural meet is incorrect, so both cannot stand. This option is not the key.
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Option (d) is neither. The cooperative, voluntary character of IONS in statement 2 is accurate. This option is therefore wrong.
Summary. Official key is (b) 2 only. IONS began in India in 2008 as a voluntary navy-to-navy forum for the Indian Ocean Region. It is not a 2015 founding. Statement 2 correctly states the maritime-cooperation aim. Only that statement survives.
Same topic · past papers
UPSC has asked this before
These previous-year questions sit on the same topic. Open one to practise the earlier ask.
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