Correct answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation
- A
1 and 2 only
This pairing keeps statement 1, which describes a very strong Centre and weak localities. That is the opposite of feudal fragmentation, so statement 1 is not an essential feudal element. With 1 false, 1 and 2 only cannot be the key.
- B
2 and 3 only
Statement 2 is correct: feudal order is built on control and possession of land as the basis of administration and surplus. Statement 3 is correct: a lord–vassal bond between a lord and his overlord is a defining personal-political tie. Statement 1 is the reverse of feudalism. Hence 2 and 3 only is the official key.
- C
3 only
Statement 3 alone would omit the land-based administrative structure, which is equally essential. Feudalism is not only a personal bond; it is also a land-control system. This option is therefore incomplete and not the key.
- D
1, 2 and 3
All three would require statement 1 to be true. A very strong centralised authority contradicts feudal dispersal of power. This option is not the key.
Summary. Official key is (b) 2 and 3 only. Feudalism rests on land as the source of power and on hierarchical lord–vassal ties. A strong centralised state with weak provinces is a bureaucratic or imperial pattern, not feudal. Statement 1 is therefore out. Options that include 1 or that drop 2 fail the definition used in the question.
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