Discuss the impact of climate change on developing countries.

Physical and livelihood impact

• Agriculture in the tropics is rain-fed and heat-sensitive; yield shocks in rice, wheat, and coarse grains raise food prices and rural distress in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
• Water stress—glacier retreat in the Himalaya, drying aquifers, and saline intrusion in deltas—turns a climate variable into a federal and transboundary political conflict.
• Sea-level rise and cyclones threaten Small Island Developing States and densely peopled coasts from Bangladesh to the Pacific; loss of land is loss of Statehood for the smallest islands.
• Cities in the developing world combine heat islands, informal housing, and weak drainage, so floods and heatwaves kill more than the same event would in a richer, insured city.

Health, poverty, and gender

• Vector-borne disease, malnutrition, and heat stress expand the health bill of States that already under-spend on public hospitals.
• Women and informal workers absorb unpaid care and outdoor labour risk; climate is therefore a multiplier of existing inequality, not a neutral weather story.
• Conflict and migration follow pasture and water collapse in fragile regions, adding a security overlay that developing treasuries cannot easily fund.

Finance and equity

• Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement admits that capability and historical stock differ; yet climate finance, technology transfer, and loss-and-damage funds remain thin against adaptation needs.
• Developing countries face a double bind: they must grow energy access and still decarbonise, often at a higher cost of capital than the North.
• Extreme weather destroys infrastructure faster than aid rebuilds it, so climate is also a debt and SDG derailment problem, not only an environment paragraph.